Brechtian Techniques

Bertold Brecht (1898 1956) founded the so-called new, or epic subject that creatively re fited the principles of conventional Aristotelian period of play, in order for the plays to correspond to modern demands. Brecht characterised his position in dramatic art as social-critical. He was an active antifascist and thus concern his works on major historical payoffs and gave them a social-political meaning. From the formal forecast of view, Brechtian techniques were based on defamilirisation of the event. First and foremost, he transposed the event into trio person.He uses new concept of authors eon, i. e. time as it is perceived by the narrator of the play. The latter usually tells about the events that happened in the ancient and comments them. In doing so, he freely operates various layers of time, so that the whimsical structure of the story reminds that of a recollection or a dream. Finally, an important component part of Brechtian drama is its increased convention, for instance the march can be off-and-on(a) by speaking stage directions aloud and or via usage of placards and signs.The drama Zoot Suit (1978) by Luis Valdez efficiently uses the Brechtian principles and techniques. Like many of Brechts dramas, this work is a passionate social resist that shows the injustice of the society with rigorously Brechtian didacticism. Valdez wrote this play at the end of turbulent seventies, which in the US were characterised by increased social activity of minorities fighting for their rights, and Mexican Americans were among these.Thus, the dramatist addresses the times, when the Mexican American identity was only forming, and yet it was oppressed and discriminated by the police. Valdez implies that the same thing may happen or even happens in his times and protests against it. In this respect his play may be associate with activities of Guerilla theatre, which considered itself to be a cultural revolt against war and a mouthpiece of social protest move ments. Valdez play also has explicit antiwar and protest connotations, and in accordance with Brechts conception, his art serves political purposes.Furthermore, action is presented and commented by the narrator, the fictional El Pachuco, which is the condensed embodiment of Mexican spirit (pachucos were Mexican American youth who emphasized their Mexican identity and wore zoot suits). He converses with the protagonist of the story, enthalpy Reyna, and in some episodes interferes into action (for instance, he takes the place of Rudy Reyna in an queer fight with sailors). Moreover, from the very inaugural words Valdez emphasizes Brechtian convention. For instance, the drop curtain is giant facsimile of a newspaper front page (1, 1992).Besides in his first monologue EL Pachuco says that he is an actor who plays El Pachuco and recollects this myth. This indicates another Brechtian technique. The narrated action takes place in the past. The setting, as described by the author, emphasi zes that the age of zoot suits is in the past The somber shapes and outlines of pachuco images hang subtly, black on black, against a back-ground of loaded down(p) fabric evoking memories and feelings like an old suit hanging forgotten in the depths of a closet somewhere, sometime (1, 1992).At the same time, in the end El Pachuco says that this legend still lives and is topical, for at least he is interested in telling it. However, this is not the objective past time of Aristotelian drama, scarce rather narrators individual perception. El Pachuco can mark action by making the judge repeat for the second time that zoot haircuts will be retained throughout the trial for purposes of identification (ibid). He also uses sudden retrospections, for example when Henry mentions Saturday night dance, El Pachuco snaps fingers and makes this event repeat.In another instant, he skips witness statement, saying You know what. Weve already perceive from that bato. Lets get on with the defense ( 1, 1992). Besides the conventionality is emphasized by various other interruptions of action. An interesting example of this is when the arrested pachucos stand in a line, the Press starts and they continue the headline. In another episode the Pressmoves the bundles of newspapers on the floor to outline the four corners of a jail cell, i. e.makes the decorations for the conterminous scene in jail (1, 1992). To sum up, the play Zoot Suit by Luis Valdez exemplified Brechtian understanding of social-political role of art and demonstrates a number of Brechtian techniques of the new theatre, among them accentuated conventionality of action, transposition into third person (use of narrator) and into the past, connected with the present, and forcible handling of time. References 1. Valdes, L. (1992). Zoot Suit. Zoot Suit and Other Plays. Houston, TX Arte Publico Press. Pg 22-94.

Mini Project

CONTENTS 1 ABSTRACT 2 ABBREVIATION 3 entering TO NC AND CNC 4 4 HISTORY 7 5 CNC SYSTEM ELEMENTS 10 6 WORING ON CNC MACHINES 7 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PART PROGRAMMING 16 8 TYPES OF CNC MACHINES 18 9 PROPERTIES OF CNC MACHINES 20 10 long-winded AND TAPPING ON CNC 35 11 APPLICATIONS OF CNC MACHINES 49 12 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNC 51 13 remainder 52 LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO 1 Hydrotel Milling instrument 5 2 Chiron CNC auto 5 3 CNC Lathe car 6 CNC elements block diagram 10 5 Point to Point musical instrument caterpillar track 11 6 Contour spear Path 12 7 cease slight path ray kick the bucketments 18 8 Continuous path governlers 19 9 Schematic Illustrations of components(a)An open kink(b)A closed loop crack 19 10 CNC Lathe 21 11 CNC Grinders 21 12 CNC physical exerciseing 22 13 CNC tiresome utensil 22 14 Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM) 23 15 optical maser kinkting weapon legal documents 23 16 Flat bed CNC Lathe 25 7 rake bed CNC Lathe 25 18 CNC quill Tur rent 26 28 assorted beasts in Drilling forcecars 26 20 turncock Holders 27 21 CNC with Fanuc suss out 28 22 CNC compositor 29 23 upset Speed setter 31 24 CNC quail 32 25 Sensitive Drilling elevator car 37 26 Ra telephone dial oil production motorcar 38 27 Up-right Drilling auto 38 28 Drill materials 39 29 stopcock nomenclature 40 30 Tool holding devices 41 31 Various public presentations of oil production elevator cars 42 32 previse Boring 43 33 restitution sunk 43 34 Spot Facing 43 35 falls Taps 46 36 Holding Devices 48 7 Types of Clamps and C- Clamps 49 38 Products c tot every(prenominal)yd in Aerospace manufacture 49 39 5 Axis CNC Milling utensil 50 3. INTRODUCTION TO NC AND CNC quantitative retain(NC) refers to theautomationof gondola lancesthat ar puzzle outd by architectural planmed sees encoded on a storage medium, controlled manually via make it wheels or levers, or mechanismlikely change via cams alone. The first NC machines wer e make in the forties and 1950s. These early servomechanisms were rapidly increase with analog and huntal computers, creating the freshcomputer numeric control(CNC) machine diaphysiss that shoot revolutionized themachining exercisees.The course of study is iterated into the appropriate electrical signals for input to motors that evanesce the machine. A CNC machine is an numeral control machine with the added feature of an on bestride computer. The computer is referred to as the machine control social unit (MCU). In fresh CNC systems, component architectural plan is extremely automated expendcomputer-aided design( detent) andcomputer-aided manufacturing (CAM) architectural plans. The computer programs enkindle a computer file that extracts the summonss erectulate to operate a manicular(prenominal) machine, and wherefore soaked into the CNC machines for production.Since any component cleverness beg the use of a form of variant shits- employments, saw s, etc. , modern machines oft feature aggregate bastards into a single cell. The Evolution of NC It was in 1947 when numerical control was born. It began when John C. Parsons of the Parsons Corporation, Traverse City, Michigan, a reconstructr of helicopter rotor coil blades, could not make his templates immobile enough. So, he invented a agency of trades union computer equipment with a jig wear uponr. Mr. Parsons employ punched cards to operate his digit Ron system. 1949 was the year of an former(a) Urgent lease. The U. S.Air visible command agnise that transgresss for its planes and missiles were becoming to a greater extent complex. Also, as the designs were constantly being improved, changes in the drawing were frequently make. Thus, in their search for methods of faster production, an Air take up study contract was awarded to the Parsons Corporation. The servo mechanisms laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of applied science (MIT) was the subcontractor. I n 1951, MIT took over the complete job, and in 1952, the proto oddball of todays NC machine, a modified Cincinnati Hydrotel Milling Machine, was successfully demonstrated.The numerical control was originated at MIT. build1 common fig2 CNC MACHINES CNC outdoor stages for Computer Numerically Controlled. CNC refers to how a machine operates, that is, its basic method of controlling try, e. g. , a CNC machine uses a stream of digital education (code) from a computer to bear motors and other positioning systems in order to guide a pergola or other beam just abouting over raw material. A CNC machine uses mathematics and a landmark systems to understand and unconscious service information ab by what to take to the woods, to where, and how fast.Most CNC machines ar able to move in three controlled focussings at once. These directions ar called axes and atomic number 18 wedded unprejudiced names such as X, Y and Z ( base on the Cartesian Co-ordinate dodging). The X a xis vertebra is al sorts the longest distance a machine or a part of a machine must(prenominal)(prenominal) travel. X whitethorn be the movement from front to back, Y the movement from left to right, and the Z is al al close to al flairs vertical movement ( unremarkably the arbors positioning movement up and guttle). Superior Machinery sells many eccentric persons of CNC Machines, from CNC Horizontals, CNC Verticals to CNC Lathes they fork up over 182 CNC Machines to choose from.A CNC machine must be able to hap with itself to operate. A computer numeric control unit sends position commands to motors. The motors must talk back to the control that, indeed, they fork out acted represently to move the machine a given distance. The ability of CNC machines to move in three (or to a greater extent) directions at once allows them to create almost any desired pattern or shape. All of this appendageing happens very fast, perfectly and liveently. 4. HISTORY form3 In 1775, John Wi lkinson- rotternon boring machine (lathe). In 1881, Eli Whitney- mill machine. In 1947, Mr.John Parsons began experimenting for utilize 3-axis curvature data to control the machine woodpecker motion for the production for aircraft components. In 1949, parsons- first NC machine. In 1951, MIT was involved in the project. In 1955, later on refinements NC became available in industry . Today, modern machineries be CNC milling machines and lathes. CNC technology was developed in the United States in the 1950? s for the US Air Force by admixture pee-peeing machine whoreson builders. It was a major advance in the ability of machines to faithfully retch complex part machining move more accurately without human treatment or variability.Numerical control (NC) refers to the automation of machine dents that argon operated by abstractly programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, as opposed to manually controlled via business dealwheels or levers, or mechanically automated via c ams alone. The first NC machines were reinforced in the 1940s and 1950s, based on existing beam of lights that were modified with motors that moved the controls to follow evinces supply into the system on punched tape. These early servomechanisms were rapidly augmented with analog and digital computers, creating the modern computer numerical control (CNC) machine son of a oddballchs that present revolutionized the machining processes.In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component design is highly automated employ computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs. The programs produce a computer file that is interpreted to extract the commands needed to operate a particular machine via a postprocessor, and then loaded into the CNC machines for production. Since any particular component capability require the use of a number of diametric legal documents- practises, saws, etc. , modern machines ofttimes combine mul taple joyrides into a single cell.In other cases, a number of contrasting machines argon utilize with an external controller and human or robotic manipulators that move the component from machine to machine. In any case, the complex series of steps needed to produce any part is highly automated and produces a part that closely matches the original CAD design. Proliferation of CNC The price of computer beats knock fling off drastically during the 1960s with the widespread introduction of multipurpose minicomputers. Eventually it became slight expensive to negociate the motor control and run forback with a computer program than it was with dedicated servo systems.Small computers were dedicated to a single mill, placing the entire process in a small box. PDP-8? s and Data General Nova computers were park in these roles. The introduction of the microprocessor in the mid-s raseties further reduced the cost of implementation, and today almost all CNC machines use or so form of microprocessor to hide all oper ations. The introduction of tear down-cost CNC machines radically changed the manufacturing industry. Curves atomic number 18 as elementary to curtail off as straight neckcloths, complex 3-D structures argon relatively easy to produce, and the number f machining steps that required human accomplishment have been dramatically reduced. With the increased automation of manufacturing processes with CNC machining, considerable improvements in consistency and eagre have been achieved with no strain on the operator. CNC automation reduced the absolute frequency of errors and submitd CNC operators with condemnation to cause additional tasks. CNC automation too allows for more trac sidestepness in the way parts ar held in the manufacturing process and the cartridge clip required to change the machine to produce dissimilar components.During the early 1970s the Western economies were mired in slow economic growth and come up employment costs, and NC machines started to becom e more attractive. The major U. S. vendors were slow to respond to the require for machines suitable for lower-cost NC systems, and into this void stepped the Germans. In 1979, sales of German machines surpassed the U. S. designs for the first time. This bout quickly repeated itself, and by 1980 Japan had taken a flatusing position, U. S. sales dropping all the time. Once sitting in the 1 position in terms of sales on a top-ten graph consisting entirely of U. S. ompanies in 1971, by 1987 Cincinnati Milacron was in 8th place on a chart heavily dominated by Japanese firms. galore(postnominal) researchers have commented that the U. S. focus on high-end applications left them in an uncompetitive arguing when the economic down address in the early 1970s led to greatly increased demand for cheap NC systems. Un uniform the U. S. companies, who had focuse on the highly profitable aerospace market, German and Japanese manufacturers targeted lower-profit segments from the start and we re able to enter the low-cost markets much more easily. As computing and net seduceing evolved, so did direct numerical control (DNC).Its long-term coexistence with less net urinateed variants of NC and CNC is explained by the fact that individual firms campaign to stick with whatever is profitable and their time and money for trying out alternatives is limited. This explains why machine dent models and tape storage media persist in grandfathered fashion even as the state of the art advances. 5. CNC SYSTEM ELEMENTS A typical CNC system consists of the following hexad elements. 1 severalise program 2 Program input device 3 Machine control unit 4 Drive system 5 Machine peter 6 Feedback system Fig4 6. WORKING OF CNC MACHINESCNC machines are Controlled by G and M codes. These are number values and co-ordinates. Each number or code is assigned to a particular operation. Typed in manually to CAD by machine operators. G&M codes are automatic rifleally generated by the computer sof tware package. The tool or material moves. Tools drive out operate in 1-5 axes. Larger machines have a machine control unit (MCU) which manages operations. Movement is controlled by a motor (actuators). Feedback is provided by sensors (transducers) unsympathetic loop. Tool magazines are utilise to change tools automatically. Tool Paths and Cutting questionsTool paths let out the route the excision tool takes. Motion tooshie be exposit as power point to point, or contouring. Speeds are the rate at which the tool operates e. g. rpm. Feeds are the rate at which the bang-up tool and work man move in relation to each other. Expressed in IPM (inches per minute) Feeds and fixitys are determined by knifelike abstruseness, material and quality of finish needed. e. g . harder materials need slower reachs and securenesss. Rouging cuts run into larger amounts of material than finishing cuts. fast traversing allows the tool or work forgather to move rapidly when no machining is taking place.Fig6 Point to Point Tool path Fig5Contour ToolPath 1. Point to Point tool paths cut following lines 2. Contour tool paths cut follow surfaces Linear Interpolation (Point to Point) Linear interpolation consist of a programmed point linked together by straight line Fig7 Circular Interpolation (Contour) Circular interpolation is the process of programming arcs and circles. Circular interpolation requires endpoints, a move over rate, a center, a radius, and a direction of movement. farce of Information When running, a part program is interpreted one command line at a time until all lines are completed.Fig8 N001 G01 X1. 2345 Y. 06789 MO3 N001Represents the sequence number of the operation G01 Represents bilinear operation (tool movement) X12345 Will move the tool or table 1. 2345 in. a positive direction along the X axis Y6789Will move the tool or table 0. 6789 in. along the Y axis M03Turns spindle on clock quick-scented Commands, which are in addition referred to as blocks, are do up of words which each begin with a letter utter and end with a numerical value. Each letter address relates to a specific machine function. G and M letter addresses O-Program number ( apply for program identification)N-Sequence number (Used for line identification) G-Preparatory function X-X axis name Y-Y axis engagement Z-Z axis designation R-Radius designation F-Feed rate designation S- spike heel speed designation H-Tool aloofness offset designation D-Tool radius offset designation T-Tool name M-Miscellaneous function G- CODES (Preparatory Functions) which cause some movement of the machine table or head. G00 Rapid Movement G01- Linear Interpolation (movement) G02- Circular Interpolation, CW G03- Circular Interpolation, CCW G17 -XY sheet,G18- XZ Plane,G19 -YZ Plane G20/G70 -Inch unitsG21/G71 -Metric Units G40- Cutter payment mountaincel G41 -Cutter recompense right G43- Tool length compensation (plus) G43- Tool length compensation (plus) G44- Tool length compensation (minus) G49-Tool length compensation give the sackcel G80-Cancel evokened cycles G81-Drilling cycle G82-Counter boring cycle G83-Deep hole boring cycle G90-Absolute positioning G91- Incremental positioning M-CODES (Miscellaneous) which turn ON or OFF different functions M00 -Program retrovert M01 -Optional program stop M02 -Program end M03- Spindle on clockwise M04 -Spindle on counterclockwise M05- Spindle stop M06- Tool change . BASIC CONCEPTS OF PART PROGRAMMING Part programming contains geometric data virtually the part and motion information to move the lancinate tool with respect to the worpiece. Basically, the machine receives instructions as a sequence of blocks containing commands to set machine parameters speed, bleed and other relevant information. A block is equivalent to a line of codes in a part program. N135 G01 X1. 0 Y1. 0 Z0. 125 T01 F5. 0 These bound N135-Block number G01-G codes X1. 0, Y1. 0, Z0. 125-Coordinates T01-Tool number F5. 0-Special fu nction Programming Methods Automatically Programmed Tools (APT)A text based system in which a programmer defines a series of lines, arcs, and points which define the overall part geometry locations. These features are then employ to generate a stamp location (CL) file. Computer Aided Machining (CAM) Systems-Computer Aided Design (CAD) Systems CAD/CAM systems allow for rapid development and modifying of designs and documentation. The 3D geometric model produced becomes a common element for engineering analysis (FEA), machining process planning (including CNC part programming, documentation (including engineering drawings), quality control, and so on.Drives of CNC machine tool hydraulic actuator high force machine tool Stepping motor small machine repayable to limited condition and torque DC motor fine speed regulation, high torque, most widely utilise. 8. PROPERTIES OF CNC MACHINES Based on Motion Type Motion control the heart of CNC Point-to-Point or Continuous path Based on Control Loops Open loop or Closed loop Based on Power Supply Electric or Hydraulic or Pneumatic Based on Positioning System Incremental or Absolute Point-to-Point Tool Movements Point-to-point control systems cause the tool to that point still.The tool is not in continuous contact with the part while it is moving. Excopiouss exerciseing, reaming, punching, boring and tapping. Fig9 Continuous-Path Tool Movements Continuous-path controllers cause the tool to maintain continuous contact with the part as the tool cuts a contour shape. These operations include milling along any lines at any cant over, milling Fig10 Arcs and lathe turning. Loop Systems for Controlling Tool Movement Schematic illustration of the components of (a) an open-loop and (b) a closed-loop control system for a CNC machine. 9. TYPES OF CNC MACHINES * Lathe Machine * Milling Machine Drilling Machine -The bench act -The pillar commit * Boring Machine * Grinding Machine CNC mill around These machining centers use computer controls to cut different materials. They are able to translate programs consisting of specific number and letters to move the spindle to various locations and abstrusitys. Used to make 3D prototypes, moulds, cutting dies, printing plates and sights. CNC Lathes They cut metal that is often turning at fast speeds. CNC lathes are able to make fast ,precision cuts using Indexable tools and applications with complicated programs. Normally, they cannot be cut on manual lathes.They often include 12 tool holder sand coolant pumps to cut down on tool wear. Fig11 CNC Grinders Grinding metal process uses a coated wheel that easily removes metal to create a part. Through the years, grinding was do on a manual machine, still with the advent of CNC technology, the grinding process has advanced . Fig12 CNC DRILLING Drilling is commonly used for mass production. The physical exertioning machine ( rehearseing press) is used to create or pad holes. The bench usage For drill h oles by means of raw materials such as wood, plastic and metal The pillar drill A larger version that stands upright on the al-Qaeda.As the bench drill, it can be used to drill larger pieces of materials and produce bigger holes. Fig13 CNC Boring Process of enlarging an existing hole or inborn cylindirical surface. This can be fulfill on a lathe or a machine tool specifically designed for the process, such as a crosswise boring machine. Fig14 Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM) cable EDM machines utilize a very thin conducting cable (. 0008 to . 012in. ) as an electrode. The wire is stretched betwixt diamond guides and carbide that conduct current to the wire and cuts the part bid a band saw.Material is removed by the erosion caused by a spark that moves horizontally with the wire. Fig15 Laser Cutting Machines The machine utilizes an intense beam of focused laser light to cut the part. Material under the beam experiences a rapid rise in temperature and is vaporized. Laser cuts with a minimum of distortion, no mechanical cutting forces. Specific tools to perform different surgical procedures Fig16Fig17 CNC lathe machine tool gun enclosure is part of the CNC machine where all tooling is mounted. CNC lathe tool gun enclosure has an integral magnetic disc like part (Tool gun enclosure disk) on which all the tools are mounted.CNC lathe tool turret is mounted on the x-axis carriage. Fig18 Slant cognize CNC Lathe / Flat Bed CNC Lathe On some CNC lathe machines x-axis carriage with the tool turret is located behind the spindle (such cnc lathe machines are calledslant bed cnc lathe machines) and on other cnc lathe it is located at the front (as normal lathe machines) such cnc lathe machines are calledflat bed cnc lathe machine. The infra is a Slant Bed CNC Lathe Machine. Fig19 Fig20 CNC Lathe Tool Turret Tool force Tool capacity for cnc lathe machines varies machine to machine.Small CNC lathe machines normally comes with a tool turret capacity of 4 o r 8 tools stations. Bigger andheavy CNC lathe machines tool turrets are big and heavy and accordingly depart hold more tools such as 12 or more. Fig21 Tool Holder Tool holder is the actual part which fastens the tool to the cnc lathe tool turret Disk. Tool holder size alike depends upon the cnc lathe tool turret size, heavy CNC late machine tool turret comes with with big bore for tool holders such as 50 mm diameter. For the small tool turret this might be 40 mm diameter or, less to suit the tool to hold.Fig22 CNC Lathe Tool Turret Rotation CNC lathe tool turret rotates with the cnc program commands. Normally a letter T is used to call a tool in the working position. The tool gyration is dependent on cnc lathe machine. rough cnc lathe tool turret rotate in one direction (CW or CCW ). Some cnc lathe tool turret rotates twain directions, such tool turret direction is optimized for the nearest tool station. Some cnc lathe give full control over tool call up, you can call by optimi zed direction or you can call tool by rotating tool turret by CW direction or CCW.Tool scratch in CNC Lathe with Fanuc Control Fig23 There are shape of cnc machines in the market, and almost every cnc machine in acnc kit and boodlehophas different kind of cnc machine controls if controls are not different they might have different versions of the same cnc machine control. As the operating of different cnc machines controls is very much different from one another the same wayTool Offsettingis very much different. Here I depart talk intimately the cnc tool invoicement on Fanuc. Tool Offset Setting on Fanuc TCSome cnc machines has some kind of built-in mechanism of tool-offsetting, this built-in mechanisn of tool-offsetting makes adding new tools are changing existing tools a breeze, because you beneficial tie-up the tool in the tool-post on thecnc machine tool-turretand just perform the summons the cnc machine manufacture has given in the cnc machine operating and setting m anual. TheFanuccontrols such as Fanuc TC has this capability, Just tie up tool in the tool turret and perform a simple procedure and everything is done. The tool offsetting procedure might be different from version to version, unless on Fanuc TC this procedure is simple as under.For tool offsetting of a new tool just tie up the tool in the tool post and inMDI (Manual Data Input) elancall up the tool in the working position by entering the command T1, the T is for tool call up and 1 is tool number if you have your tool on another position you might change that with that tool number. at once change the cnc machine to Jog Mode and touch the tool cutting point to the finished component (already gripped in cnc machine jaws) face and process the Tool-Geometry page and enter under the tool number the command MZ0 this command impart clear any previous values and will measure the current tools tool-offset in Z-axis. immediately touch the tool to aknown-diameteron the component and again in the tool-geometry page enter the command MX50 you can enter the measured diameter value instead of 50. This way now we have calculated the tool-measurement on the Fanuc TC cnc machine control. CNC juiceless concord Invaluable Tool for CNC Setter Fig24 It shows the power and the flexibility the cnc machine manufacturers and cnc control manufacturers give acnc machine setterby integrating the Dry go by dint ofon cnc machines. On some cnc machines the Dry Run is added as aCNC Machine Modelike Fanuc.On Fanuc cnc control you just select the Dry Run mode and cnc machine is now in Dry Run Mode. Introduction of Dry Run for CNC Machines Setting a new component on a cnc machine is not an easy job. You have to go by means of many chief(prenominal) tasks like cnc machine zero offsetting (cnc machine shift value setting),tool offsetting of toolsused on cnc machine etc. Now if you have completed these all tasks, now comes the time to run the cnc program for the first time, A in truth cr ucial and time consuming cnc task. A small negligence might be cause of an accident on cnc machine (tool breakage etc. . To make the first run easy and safe the cnc machine manufacturers and cnc control manufacturers provide us a way by which we can easily control the tools cater withfeed overturn. So now the cnc setter is a human activity easy because he can now run all the tools with aSafe Feed. Now cnc setter easily can lower the tool feed when he feels the tool is entering a situation danger zone, and easily can increase the tool feed (to a rapid feed) when the tool is away from the component (so the time not go bollix upd with lower feed when tool is away from component).In Dry Run all the cnc blocks whether those are starting with G00 or G01 and otherG-codelike G02/G03 run with the same feed, which is controlled by means of Feed Override. On Fanuc the feed rule is controlled throughHandwheelafter feed change by reversal exceptton press, and there also exists a Rapid F eed Button which if pressed during Dry Run Mode the cnc machine program block will run with Rapid Feed. hotshot point must be cleared for Fanuc control is that feed override also works inAuto Mode and Single Block Modebut in such modes the feed override only controls G01/G02/G03 like G-code.But feed override will not control the G00 (Rapid Traverse). But in Dry Run Mode all the cnc program will run with the feed which is controlled through Feed Override. An introduction to cnc machine speed override and feed override controls and safety instructions which must be adhere to while working with cnc machine feed and speed override. CNC Machine Speed Override / Feed Override Introduction Normally you program the speed and feed this way, N10 G97 S light speed0 G95 F0. 3 Fig25Now for one reason or other you want to increase or decrease the speed or feed of the cnc machinefor some time, you definitely have a way to just alter thecnc machine program, but there is one more suitable solution the Feed Override and Speed Override Controls. The feed override and speed override arethe most suitable and ready to hand(p) way to control thecnc machine feed and speed through cnc control panel. You control the speed and feed in percentage. When the feed overrideis 100% the actually feedwhich is programmed will be active.But if the feed overrideis 50% then the feedwill decrease by that ratio, now the machine tools will run with 50% of feed. So if youhave programmed 0. 5 mm/rev feed then with 100% the 0. 5 will be active, but for 50%feed override the actually tool feed will be 0. 25 mm/rev. The same rule applies for speed override, for 100% the actual programmed speed will be active and spindle will revolvewith the actual programmed speed. Butat 50% speedoverride the spindle speed will drop by 50%. Feed Override Speed Override Minimum Maximum determine Normally you can control speed override and feed override from 0% to one hundred twenty%.At 0% speed override the spindle will s top rotating, and at 0% feed override the tool will stop working ( the tool will be stationary ). No doubt120% feedoverride and speed override is justsafe. But some cnc machines give even more flexibility Ihave worked on a cnc machine which has its feed override 0% to 200%. Normal cnc machine has just 0% to 120% feedoverride and speed override. Speed Override and Feed Override sentry duty Precautions Whenever handling the speed override and feed override forever and a day esteem about safety, safety of yourself, tool, machine, component and your surroundings.Never try to use the speed override and feed override if you dont need it. Because when cnc programs are made the speed and feed is properly set for the machined component. The increase in feed or speed might break insert or even tool. CNC Backlash CNC Troubleshooting, In this category we will see the cnc machine from a different view (cnc machine maintenance), your feedback will really matter, and I hope you will share you knowledge and experience. I will talk about theCNCBacklashwhich is found in cnc machine axis. * what is cnc fall out, * cnc backlash causes, * when to worry about cnc backlash, how to measure backlash, * How to resolve and compensate cnc backlash through hardware and cnc control software. Fig26 *What is CNC Backlash? CNC Backlash is any kind of play which is found in cnc machine axis. or you might say, CNC Backlashis non-movement of the cnc axis which occurs on axis reversal. *Causes of CNC Backlash? This play (backlash) might be due to * Clearance which is kept in mechanical parts to reduce friction. * As mechanical parts get loose with time. * As with time mechanical parts keep moving and rubbing each other and after long time they lose their actual shape and size. CNC Backlash Is already there A cnc machine axis move due to their hire ScrewandLead Screw Nut. There is always kept a very minor backlash in the lead whop and lead butt nut to reduce damage and wear. *CNC Backlash When to Worry It is unafraid if your cnc machine axis backlash is near 0. 0001? but not always possible, so 0. 0003? to 0. 0004? is acceptable. But if the amount of play in the lead bonk and nut crosses this limit then there is the time to worry, and call up you mechanical maintenance guys. CNC Backlash How to Measure?CNC machine backlash can be measure with aDial Indicatorattached to an adjustable Stand. Put the stand on the cnc bed and direct the needle (plunger) of the dial indication towards the axis which you want to measure. 1. Set the dial needle to 0. 0mm (zero). 2. Now move the axis in one direction 0. 5mm. Dial indicator should show 0. 5mm travel. 3. Now reverse the same axis 0. 5mm. If your dial indicator now goes back to 0. 0mm, then everything is okay. But other than, if on reversal the dial lags behind, then the amount the dial lags behind is the backlash.CNC Backlash How to Resolve? ( Backlash Compensation ) Now you have two choices the hardware way and software w ay to resolve cnc backlash. You first better choose the hardware way, because normally backlash is due to lead bum or lead screw nut wear, so better resolve the issue by tighten them a bit if they are loose than required, there are lot of other hardware ways to cope with backlash. CNC controls also give us the ability to control (compensate) cnc backlash through their parameters. CNC Backlash Compensation through CNC Control Parameters How Much Successful?The better advice is that you resolve the issue by changing the lead screw (if possible) or lead screw nut, or just tightening them if they are loose might work, but otherwise CNC control parameters can be changed to compensate backlash, the cnc lathe machine I work on with fanuc control has the 0. 012mm set in its parameters as the backlash compensation for x-axis and z-axis. So such values can be changed to resolve the backlash issue. 10. DRILLING AND TAPPING ON CNC MACHINES Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a rotating cutter called DRILL.The machine used for drill is called drilling machine. The drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill is held in tailstock and the work is held by the scour. The most common drill used is the twist drill. Drilling Machine It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop. The work piece is held stationary ie. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to make a hole. Types 1) Based on construction Portable, Sensitive, radial-ply tire tire, up-right, Gang, Multi-spindle 2) Based on Feed Hand dictated ,Power determined Components of drilling machineSpindle The spindle holds the drill or cutting tools and revolves in a fixed position in a sleeve. weapon The sleeve or quill assembly does not revolve but may slide in its bearing in a direction parallel to its axis. When the sleeve carrying the spindle with a cutting tool is lowered, the cutting tool is fed into the work and when i ts moved upward, the cutting tool is withdrawn from the work. Feed pressure applied to the sleeve by hand or power causes the revolving drill to cut its way into the work a fr put to death of an mm per revolution. ColumnThe pillar is cylindrical in shape and built rugged and solid. The column supports the head and the sleeve or quill assembly. period The head of the drilling machine is composed of the sleeve, a spindle, an electric motor and feed mechanism. The head is bolted to the column. Worktable The worktable is supported on an lace mounted to the column. The worktable can be adjusted vertically to patch up different acmes of work or it can be swung only out of the way. It may be tilted up to 90 gradation in either direction, to allow long pieces to be end or angle cut. BaseThe base of the drilling machine supports the entire machine and when bolted to the floor, provides for vibration-free operation and best machining accuracy. The top of the base is similar to the wor ktable and may be equipped with t- slot for mounting work too larger for the table. Hand Feed The hand- feed drilling machines are the simplest and most common type of drilling machines in use today. These are light duty machine that are operated by the operator, using a feed handled, so that the operator is able to feel the action of the cutting tool as it cuts through the work piece. These drilling machines can be bench or floor mounted.Power feed The power feed drilling machine are unremarkably larger and heavier than the hand feed ones they are equipped with the ability to feed the cutting tool in to the work automatically, at preset depth of cut per revolution of the spindle these machines are used in maintenance for medium duty work or the work that uses large drills that require power feed larger work pieces are usually clamped now to the table or base using t bolts and clamps by a small work places are held in a vise. A depth stop mechanism is located on the head, near the spindle, to aid in drilling to a precise depth.Sensitive or Bench Drilling Machine * This type of drill machine is used for very light works. Fig. 1 illustrates the sketch of sensitive drilling machine. * The vertical column carries a swiveling table the height of which can be adjusted according to the work piece height. * The table can also be swung to any desired position. * At the top of the column there are two pulleys connected by a belt, one pulley is mounted on the motor diaphysis and other on the machine spindle. * Vertical movement to the spindle is given by the feed handle by the operator. * Operator senses the cutting action so sensitive drilling machine.Fig27 Up-Right Drilling Machine * These are medium heavy duty machines. * It specifically differs from sensitive drill in its weight, rigidity, application of power feed and wider range of spindle speed. Fig. 2 shows the line sketch of up-right drilling machine. * This machine usually has a gear compulsive mechanism fo r different spindle speed and an automatic or power feed device. * Table can move vertically and radially. * Drill holes up to 50mm Fig28 Radial Drilling Machine * It the largest and most several(a) used for drilling medium to large and heavy work pieces. Radial drilling machine belong to power feed type. * The column and radial drilling machine supports the radial arm, drill head and motor. Fig. 3 shows the line sketch of radial drilling machine. * The radial arm slides up and down on the column with the help of elevating screw provided on the side of the column, which is driven by a motor. * The drill head is mounted on the radial arm and moves on the guide ways provided the radial arm can also be swiveled around the column. * The drill head is equipped with a separate motor to drive the spindle, which carries the drill bit.A drill head may be moved on the arm manually or by power. * Feed can be either manual or automatic with reversal mechanism. Drill Materials The two most comm on types are 1. HSS drill- diminished cost 2. Carbide- tipped drills high production and in CNC machines Other types are Solid Carbide drill, TiN coated drills, carbide coated masonry drills, parabolic drills, split point drill. Fig. 4 shows various types of drills. Drill fixed to the spindle Fig30 Tool Nomenclature Fig. 31 Nomenclature of twist drill Tool holding devices Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 shows the different work holding and drill drift device.The different methods used for holding drill in a drill spindle are * By directly fitting in the spindle hole. * By using drill sleeve * By using drill socket * By using drill chuck Fig32 Drilling operations Operations that can be performed in a drilling machine are * Drilling * Reaming * Boring * Counter boring * Countersinking * Tapping Drilling It is an operation by which holes are produced in solid metal by means of revolving tool called Drill. Fig. 9 shows the various operations on drilling machine. Reaming Reaming is accurate way of s izing and finishing the exist hole.Multi tooth cutting tool. Accuracy of 0. 005mm can be achieved. Boring Boring is a process of enlarging an existing hole by a single point cutting tool. Boring operation is often preferred because we can correct hole size, or alignment and can produce smooth finish. Boring tool is held in the boring bar which has the shank. Accuracy of 0. 005mm can be achieved. Fig. 33 Various operations on drilling machine Counter Bore - This operation uses a pilot to guide the cutting action to apply the heads of bolts. Fig. 10 illustrates the counter boring, countersunk and spot facing processes. Countersink-Special go cone shaped enlargement at the end of the hole to accommodate the screws. Cone angles of 60, 82, 90, 100, 110, 120 Fig. 34 Counter boring, countersunk and spot facing Drillingmachines are tools that have a rotating, cutting component at one end that bores holes into different materials. There are several types ofdrillingmachines that may be use d for a wide variety of purposes, including woodworking, construction,masonry, metalworking, medicine, oildrilling, and many other fields. jet drills include the hand drill, push drill, pistol-grip drill, hammer drill, anddrill press.In addition to qualification holes, drills are often used to push screws into wood, metal, plastic, rock, or composites. The hand drill and push drill are both manually operateddrillingmachines that have been largely replaced by power drills. A hand drill works by turning a crank that rotates gears, which cause the chuck to turn. The chuck is the component of thedrillingmachinethat holds the bit, or the end cutting piece. The push drill is a skinny tool resembling a screwdriver with a handle that can be pushed down on a threaded shaft, or a pole with helical ridging.As the handle is pushed down along threading, the shaft, chuck, and bit spins downward, much like pumping a toy metal top. Pistol-grip drills are the most commonly useddrillingmachines. Th ese are corded electric drills that are typically shaped roughly like a pistol, with a knowledgeableness switch that starts a motor inside the drill. The motor causes the chuck and bit to spin in continuous revolutions. These drillingmachines may be used to make holes for bolts or other purposes, to push screws into wood, plastic, or other materials, and to bore countersinks.Acountersinkis a screw-shaped hole that is made before the screw is drill in, preventing splintering or pulling of the plastic or wood around the head of the screw. A pistol-grip drill is also available in a battery-powered, cordless version, though they are usually more expensive. There are many different types of this drill and several indications for use. It is also possible to adapt the drill with an attachment, such as sanding or sawing components. A hammer drill, also called a rotary hammer, is similar to a pistol-grip drill, but also applies a punching motion to complement the rotational action of the bit.This hammering, forward force makes it useful for tougher materials, such as concrete or stone, that standard electric drills cannot cut through. For softer materials, however, the hammer drill may apply excessive force and a standard drill may be a better choice. A drill press is a type of drill that may stand on the floor or be mounted on a workbench. The base of themachineis bolted to the table or floor and a column rises up from the base to support the back of the head of the drill. The column also supports a table that can be adjusted in height between the head and the base.The spindle, a metal component that holds the chuck and drill bit, extends downward from the front of the head, parallel to the column. A larger distance between the spindle and column allows wood with a larger width to be drilled. An on switch triggers the spindle to spin and levers attached to the head of the drill press move the spindle and chuck to move up or down. Thesedrillingmachines are suited fo r accuratedrilling, because the bit is fixed and the work can be secured to the table with clamps or a vise. - Types Of Drill potato chipsDrill bits are tools used in making cylindrical holes. Various types of drill bits are designed for different uses. Drill bits are equipments or tools that are used in making cylindrical holes. Drill bits can also be referred to as a drilling machine. Drill bits are available in various drill types such as metal drills, gun drills, screw machine drills, core drills, step drills, spade drills, forstner drills, masonry drills, dental or operative drills, wood bits, twist drills, drill blank taper drills and much more. They are designed to cut while doing a clockwise rotating motion. Several drill bits are coolant fed.They contain a channel or hole for enjoin the coolant fed near to the cutting edges. The split point drill heads of drill bits are used for chip clearance and for excellent centering. Drill bits can also be used in cutting aluminum, g eneral-purpose metals, brass, copper, bronze, ceramic, and plastic, harmless steel, steel, wood, titanium and hardened materials. Various types of drill bits are designed for different uses. Listed below are some types of Drill pusss. Twist Drill It drills holes in plastic, metal and wood. This drill is currently produced with a width covering a range from 0. 5 millimeters to 100 millimeters while its length is around g-force millimeters. The most usual twist drill has a tip angle of 118 degrees. This is a proper angle for an extensive array of job. It also has a long series drill for extended length twist drills. It is not advisable to drill deep holes using this twist drill. Diamond Drill Bit This particular drill is used in the bathroom for update or remodeling. It is also used in redesigning your kitchen decoration. Furthermore, it is used on ceramic, glass, tile, limestone, dye glass, marble, fiberglass, porcelain, stone, slate and porcelain tile.When using this drill, the main concern is to obtain water at the edge of the drill bit. Drilling fiberglass may be done with or without water but make sure that the fiberglass has ample amount of water just to get the drill wet. Indexable Drill Bit This provides an excellent performance in making short-hole drillings. Stainless steel is drilled 3x in diameter and only a short-hole must be done. Listed below are some other types of drill bits Adjustable Bit This is built with a changeable cutter blade to bore holes of various sizes. It is also used for drilling gaps for wiring or piping.Around-the-corner bit It is used to cut arched holes that are stretched in corners with a diagonal cutting surface. gimlet Bits This drill creates drill holes in wooden materials. The drill ends have a screw head so that the bits may be self fed. Brad-point drill This drill looks almost the same as the usual bits but it has sharpen point to make wood drilling a lot easier. This drill has cleaner holes other than spade bits. C ounterbore The drill allows a screw to be driven under the wood outside. The holes that are drilled may be filled with a plug or wire.Drill Saw Bit It is used to cut holes such as wood and metal and can enlarge current holes. Countersink A drill that has an angled tip design that forms a slump in the screw head. Fly cutter This one is often used to cut circles in wood and other soft metals. The diameter of circles may be adjusted by changing the cutter blade setting. Hole saw It cut holes from one to six centimeters in diameter and has a center bit for directing the cutting blade edge of the saw. Reamer bit The tapered bit of reamer may be used on existing holes rather than to enlarge holes.Screw pilot bit This beautiful bit is used for drilling body holes. A pilot hole is used along with the countersink. Wire Brushes It use to remove rust and to clean up metal and is available either as a wheel or a cup with wire brush. Plastic bit This is designed with a tip so as to prevent spl intering when drilling plastic. It is important to reduce the speed and slowly drill the other side of the plastic. Plug cutter Use this to remove cylindrical shapes from the wood. It covers the screw using a small cylindrical plate. Tapping- Tapping is the process by which internal threads are formed.It is performed either by hand or by machine. Minor diameter of the thread is drilled and then tapping is done. Fig. 11 show the tapping processes. Fig. 35 Hand taps and tapping process using tap wrench Fig. 36 Various operations performed on drilling machine Work Holding Devices 1. Machine Table Vice The machine vice is equipped with jaws which clamps the work piece. The vice can be bolted to the drilling table or the tail can be swung around swung around. Fig. 13 shows the standard and swivel vice. The swivel vice is a machine wise that can be swivel through 360 on a horizontal plane. Fig37 1.Step Blocks These are built to allow height adjustment for mounting the drilling jobs and a re used with strap clamps and long T-slot bolts. 2. Clamps These are small, portable vises , which bears against the work piece and holding devices. Common types of clamps are C-clamp, match clamp, machine strap clamp, U-clamp etc.. Fig. 14 shows the correct and incorrect methods of mounting the work piece. Fig38 11. APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINES ? cutting ? drilling ? milling ? conjoin ? boring ? bending ? spinning ? pinning ? gluing ? sewing ? routing Its application in some industries like -Automotive Industry Aerospace Industry -Machinery Industry -Electrical Industry -Instrumentation Industry Automotive Industry Different Products Fig39 Aerospace Industry Aircraft Turbine Machined by 5-Axis CNC Milling Machine Fig40 12. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNC -Ease of Use ? CNC machines are easier for beginners ? Operation of several CNC machines at same time ? Some CNC machines dont need any operator indeed call their operator in case of the emergencies. High Efficiency ? operate almost continuously 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Expanding Options ? Expand the machines capabilities with SoftwareChanges and updates. No Prototyping ? new programmers provide elimination build a prototype, save time and money. Precision ? part are identical to each other. Reduce Waste ? Reduce waste as errors allows minimize wasted Material. Disadvantage of CNC Machines Cost CNC machinery ? costs instead a lot more than conventional machinery. ? Does not eliminate the need for expensive tools. ? Expensive to repair. 13. CONCLUSION CNC machines which are applicable any type of processing. manufacturing anything is identical in shorter time. CNC machines provide many advantages. Many industries prefer using CNC machines.

Scoping and Screening in Environmental Impact Assesssment

AN non needful ESSAY ON COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THE ROLES OF SCREENING AND SCOPING IN purlieual IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT COURSE unit of measurement PLAN60411/PLAN40321 STUDENT ID 8528550 INTRODUCTION Environmental stir assessment is a opinionated process that examines, analyses the environmental consequences of development or development action in advance (Glasson,J. el al 2005).It is a logical process for establishing and sustaining an environment of quality by incorporating environmental considerations into decision making specifying and clarifying the environmental aspects of development proposals to decision makers indicating ways of mitigation and proffering project alternatives. It involves crucial stages for its optimum desirability and success these include book binding and scoping. This paper of discourse give clearly comp atomic number 18 and contrast the roles of these indispensible tools used in environmental tinct assessment pr ocess.DEFINATION OF TERMS cover song is a mechanism which seeks to focus on those projects with possiblely significant adverse environmental dissemble or whose reachs are not fully known. Scoping is the process of identifying from a broad range of potential problems, a number of priority issues to be addressed by an environmental have-to doe with assessment. (Wathem,P 2004) SCOPE OF STUDY From the foregoing, we can construe that they are requisite stages of environmental strike assessment.Screening and scoping are both preliminary stages of an environmental impact assessment, and executed systematically in stages which must be done in a logical and professional manner, especially in the case of an integrate environmental impact assessment approach. They both have approaches for the scrutiny of a proposed project for consequently crucial in decision making. Both component part a major role the execution of a successful environmental impact assessment as an effective protecti on and management tool, as resourceful as possible.Despite what roles they have in common, these components of requisite have typical features and approaches in the roles they play in the environmental impact assessment process. Screening is focused on the significance of an impact in the environment, while scoping whole works on the range of issues to be defined after level of impact significance. They have different approaches to their functionality screening uses the following approaches * Schedule 1 (EU augment 1) Environmental impact assessment is mandatory * Schedule 2 (EU cast up 2)Environmental impact assessment is discretionary, according to thresholds. * Schedule 3 (EU Annex 3) nevertheless consideration of Schedule 2 projects example environmental sensitivity. The EIA regulations England SI No 1824 2011 While scoping uses * Scoping Checklist * Scoping Matrix * Network programming European commission focal point on EIA Scoping(2001) Screening uses the Initial Environ mental Examination or evaluation (IEE) as its checks and balances. On the other hand, scoping uses Scoping and report/opinion and public gossip and participation through a Terms of Reference (TOR).Project screening, precedes project scoping. Hence, screening must be carried out before project scoping. It is recommended and not mandatory to public involvement and stakeholders in screening, scoping differing from screening deems it is mandatory and recommendable for public participants to be involved at the stage of environmental impact assessment. CONCLUSION It is usually difficult to overemphasis the roles played by screening and scoping in environmental impact assessment irrespective of how far they are in contrast or how close they are in comparison.What is imperative is that the success of an environmental impact assessment depends largely on how well they are conducted. REFERENCES Glasson, J. et al (2005) entrance to impact Assessment Routledge, Abingdon, 3rd Edition Wathern , P. (2004) Environmental Impact Assessment, possibleness And Practice west Sussex London Journal On Environmental Impact Assessment Training (2002) Topic 4, UNEP

Abraham Lincoln’s Attitude Towards Slavery

STUDENT PLATON OANA MADALINA SA I TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION p. 3 2. THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.. p. 4 3. THE license PROCLAMATION .. p. 7 From a genuine abolition point of attitude, Mr. capital of Nebraska seemed tardy, cold, dull and indifferent, nonwith comporting measuring him by the sen cartridge holdernt of his country a sentiment he was bound as a statesman to contend he was swift, zealous, radical, and determined. Frederick Douglass, 1876 source? 1. INTRODUCTION He survived the tragedy and depression to deform Americas Gr preyest hot seat.He had the courage to destroy bondage, but he took a well-mannered struggle and the loss of 600,000 fucks his beliefs approach him his life, but with discover him the unite States of America would non exist today. Abraham capital of Nebraska, Americas model hero, was a man whose courage saved the country from destruction. His early life was poor and brutal he was born on the 12th of Februar y 1809 in a whizz room cabin in rural Kentucky, a frontier state of America. His family were farmers, he was the first of his family to necessitate Abraham capital of Nebraska was different to from his friends.The young capital of Nebraska was a child of drag curiosity, he love to hear plurality, gave well crafted, well delivered make a motionors linees. He would practic every(prenominal)y go to fructifys w present such speeches were being make he memorized parts of them and he would come back and give those speeches to his playmates. It was in capital of Nebraskas nature to embrace hot experiences and when he was nineteen he had the opportunity to travel 1200 miles down the disseminated multiple sclerosis river. It was a journey that will shift his outlook of life forever. He was confronted with the realities of thraldom what he did see was probably the virtually horrific cyclorama of thralldom and that as the destruction of slave families, the selling of slaves and the use of slaves literally as pieces of work. But when he returned to the North, Lincoln left the family home jumbo out the most exciting town of its day, New Salem Illinois here he would be his own man. When he came to New Salem, that was a reckon excerption on his part, to turn his back on the area of farming, the rural lifestyle, and coming to New Salem is really a deliberate choice to plunge himself into the world of 19th century of commerce, capitalism, the Industrial Revolution and everything like that.Lincolns passion to reading continued into his adult life and so that his ideas of uprightness will becoming increasingly developed America was changing, expanding day by day, and Lincoln wanted to be part of it. By 1847 he had canvas enough to pass the bar exami solid ground, he had decided to contract a lawyer. But also he plunged in the world of politics, and he loved politics even much than law be defecate for him law was a authority to politics, and his prac tice as a lawyer was al personal manners bound up by his political ambitions. In Illinois he met a woman named Ann Rutledge, but Lincolns life took a tragic turn when Ann died.Her death plunged Lincoln into a deep depression, but hard work overcame this black spells. He had become a successful local politician, and the ambitious young Lincoln was proving strong to ignore. Lincoln, had an extraordinary talent and he quickly established himself as a charismatic speaker and talented politician increasingly ambitious he decided to move again, leaving New Salem he went to live in Springfield the State Capital of Illinois and there he met and wed Mary Todd. Lincoln moved on to the National stage, becoming a Congressman for the District of Illinois.The country was uneasily shared in to 15 loose and 15 slave states when Kansas wanted to join the Union, a maintenance debate appeargond should it be a slave state or non? In the reciprocal ohm it was an other commodity that was the key to the slave bang cotton. By 1840, cotton was more valuable than everything else the United States of America exported specify in concert. By 1860, the value of slaves (were about four millions slaves) was greater than the value of all the American railroads, all the American manu detailures and all the American banking put together slavery was the main event in the America.Lincoln was always opposed to the slavery, because it was the contradiction in terms of his categoryning for transformation and self improvement. In 1858 Abraham Lincoln decided to outlook for the United States Senate. At the beginning to the campaign, he made a speech in which he said that the United States was a House, but a House Divided by slavery to survive it would put on to be either all free or all slaves. When he aspect for the presidency of the United States, more than anything else I think he win because for those people who were opposed to slavery he was the only choice.From my point of horiz on Abraham Lincoln was completely opposed to slavery because, from historical point of view at that time slavery was the answer at to the disputes between free states and slave states. After the Civil War, the North was developing through commerce and its immature industrial capacities, meandarn the South was flourishing through the cost of labor manual of arms labor and the use of slaves. 2. THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAThe liberate of slavery represented mavin of the most of the essence(predicate) featureors which shaped the history of the US and especially the way in which it came to develop. It was seen for many a(prenominal) decades as a subject for social upheaval, political debate, and most importantly a matter of benevolent rights. However, regardless of the historical nature of the issues discussed in these debates, there are certain personalities which influenced, in a positive or negative way, the entire debate.In the case of slavery, one s uch personality was Abraham Lincoln one of the most important personalities of the country and at the very(prenominal) time an essential part in the debates on slavery. Although his name is often associate to the Emancipation Proclamation or to his debates with Stephen Douglas, his beliefs on the issue of slavery stand above these acts or events. In this sense, he often argued his opposition to the queer institution despite the fact that he was non a odd to the slavery phenomenon.Still, his beliefs and conviction make him to this day one of the most prey lesson figures of the liberty of slaves throughout the US. In order to fetch a check showing of the actual reasons which justify the fact that Abraham Lincoln considered slavery to be wrong, it is important to consider the historical terra firma of the era and observe slavery in a wider framework. More precisely, Lincolns beliefs on slavery were the result of growing tensions between both rival concepts free and slavery state. After the end of the Civil War, theNorth was developing through trade and exploiting its raw industrial capabilities, trance the South was thriving at the cost of manual labor, through its special commercial relations with the English but more importantly through the use of slaves. As a consequence, the local landscape was different New York was ranked the dominant and the most populated urban demesne, where as in the South a significant urban area was represented only by New Orleans. These economic tensions made their augury on the way in which politicians and even local people came to understand the status of black people.At the same time though, the tonic American dry land was built on the principles of independence, democracy and most importantly on human rights. The firmness of Independence Lincoln often cited stated included the noteworthy passage on the freedom of man. Thus, all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalie nable Rights, that among these are Life, indecorum and the pursuit of Happiness1. Despite the fact that these scripts represented the vehemence of the Founding Fathers and that they are even today the framework of the American democracy, at the time they were easily interpretable.This was largely due to the fact that slavery was seen in the North as a terrible wrongdoing, while in the South it was viewed as a necessary practice. This drew the attention on the way in which black people were treated and especially to the fact that they were not considered human beings endowed with inalienable rights and freedoms, as well as genteel duties and political ones. Taking these aspects into account it can be said that the discussions on slavery in which Lincoln was engaged foc apply on two pillars.On the one hand, there were the political discussions with the Democrats and especially with his direct opponent, Douglas on the other hand, there were the chaste issues Lincoln brought on the issue of slavery. However, these debates intermingled as Lincoln and Douglas became engaged in the political fight for the state of Illinois. While these confrontations had a political aim, they brought into the spotlight two different views on slavery and show Lincolns moral convictions and the way in which these would change. The Civil War compete a major part in the drafting of Lincolns opinion on the issue of slavery.In this sense, he used the opinion in order to rally support for the unity of the nation. Thus, he points out that we all declare for liberty but in using the same word we do not all mean the same thing. With most the word liberty may mean for each man to do as he pleases with himself and the turn of his labor while with others the same word may mean to do what they please with other men and the produce of other mens labor2. This was the main design he used against the beliefs of the Democrats. However, the discussions were held at the political level mostly.I n this sense, the argument in fact represented a means through which Lincoln pointed out the fact that while the Re unrestrictedans were the proponents of a stronger role for the federal government, the Democrats supported the idea of a looser central government. In the end the discussions came down to the issue of slavery in the sense that the Republicans were in favor of abolishing slavery in certain states, while the Democrats considered that the people moldiness decide on whether the states should be free or should allow slavery and slave trade to take place.The moral argument Lincoln used revolved around the issue of the wrongfulness of slavery. In this sense, he constantly pointed out that I particularly object to the new position which the avowed principle of this Nebraska law gives to slavery in the body politic. I object to it because it assumes that there can be moral right in the enslaving of one man by another. I object to it as a dangerous dalliance for a free peoplea s ad evidence that, whimsy prosperity, we forget right3.It is sooner hard to believe the fact that the moral aspect determined Lincoln to support the abolition of slavery. The times were alternatively difficult for the entire nation due to the tensions between the two sides of the country. The North and the South were being divided by an issue on which people could not be persuade through moral arguments. Nonetheless, Lincoln went on saying that the mere arguments heightend by the Democrats in support of slavery were not convincing either. Thus, necessity in his view cannot be considered an argument because it is the man who decides on his own necessities.In this sense, while Douglas throughout his arguments points out the fact that the right of the people to chose over the issue of slavery is a beau ideal given right, Lincoln counters him by large-hearted to the idea of right and wrong yet again. More precisely, god did not place good and evil before man, telling him to make h is choice. On the contrary, he did tell him there was one tree of the fruit of which he should not eat, upon pain of certain death. I should scarcely wish so strong a prohibition against slavery in Nebraska 4. The technique used by Lincoln to include the idea of religion nd of divine justice was a crucial point he made in his argument against slavery and a point he used in trying to determine the change in attitude to fightds the change in the way slaves were viewed and their treatment as human beings rather than as cattle or mere objects or property. The fact that his arguments were based on moral considerations was an issue that became clear during the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Despite the fact that he is considered to be an emancipator, he never actually advocated the idea of emancipation, but rather a reconsideration of their status.This is an evident fact, especially from the point of view of his later(prenominal) statements. In this sense, he later argued that I have ne ver silent that the presidency conferred upon me the unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling 5 considering that the moral issues he advocated did not have to become state principles. This viewed summarizes the changes that took place at the level of his policy once he became president of the United States. 3. THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION He promoted the wrongfulness of slavery as an libertine act yet he did not support the actual emancipation of the black people.His views became clearer and they can easily be summed up by one of his statements. Thus, I protest against the counterfeit logic which concludes that because I do not want a black woman for a slave, I must necessarily want her for a wife. I need not have her for either, I can just leave her alone. In some respects, she is for certain not my equal but in her natural right to eat the bread she earns with her own hands without asking leave of anyone else, she is my equal, and the equal of all ot hers6. . Therefore, he viewed slaves equal only in their state of birth not in their rights as part of the society.This view represents an important aspect in the way in which his attitude changed in time. Thus, as a medical prognosis for a particular region of the United States, regardless of its importance, he could promote the morality of slavery or its lack. However, as a major public figure, he did not have the political support or the antiauthoritarian one to advocate the freedom of the slaves. Nor did he want to take that road. nonpareil of the most evident proofs was the fact that Lincoln in the first year of the war repeatedly defined is policy as a renovation of the Union- which of course meant a Union with slavery7. Therefore, despite the noble discourse, neither Lincoln nor the public were ready for a change that would, on the one hand uphold the Declaration of Independence, and create disequilibrium in the Union. Despite the heartbreaking oscillations Lincoln experi enced throughout discussion on slavery, the issue of the sanction of slaves was addressed in 1865 as he pointed out that it is also unsatisfying to some that the elective franchise is not given to the colored man.I would myself cull that it were now conferred on the very intelligent and on those who serve our cause as soldiers8. This change in attitude can be considered to be the result of a thorough reflection on the role played by slaves in the Civil War. This particular aspect was dealt with in his present moment Inaugural Address as he pointed out the fact that the war in itself was a punishment from God, one which must be silent as a sign of reconciliation. More precisely, The Almighty has His own purposes.Woe unto the world because of offenses for it must needs be that offenses come, but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh. If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the sparing of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern in this any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? 9. The answer to such a question was in Lincolns view one that the nation must act according to Gods will and offer the rights to all individuals who have prayed to the same Bible10. Although his arguments were yet again morally based and in accomplish with religion, he pointed out the necessity of considering slaves as human beings with the same God as white people. Overall, it can be said that the political background of Abraham Lincolns activity was important for the way in which he managed to construct his beliefs on the issue of slavery.Although at times he trim down the enthusiasm for the reconsideration of the conditions of the black people, he tried to promote a new direction in the discu ssions on the matter by introducing the portion of morality related to slavery. Towards the end of his presidency however he came to accept the role slaves played in waging the Civil War, in winning it and most importantly the role they must have in healing the wounds of the new nation. Well organized and well written paper, but the absence of references for large section raises the question of academic honesty. Grade 8 4. BIBLIOGRAPHYAbraham Lincoln, The writings of Abraham Lincoln, V02 Ericson, David. The count Over Slavery Antislavery and Proslavery Liberalism in the Antebellum America. New York New York UP, 2000 Fehrenbacher, Donald, Abraham Lincoln, a documentary portrait through his speeches and writings, Stanford , California, 1964 Harold Holzer,Sara Vaughn Gabbard,Lincoln Museum (Fort Wayne, Ind. ), Lincoln and freedom slavery, emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment, southerly Illinois University, 2007 Kenneth L. Deutsch, Joseph R. Fornieri, Lincolns American Dream C lashing Political Perspectives, Washington, D.C. M. McPherson, James. How President Lincoln mulish to Issue the Emancipation Proclamation. The Journal of Blacks in high Education, No. 37 (Autumn, 2002) The Avalon Project. The Second Inaugural Address Abraham Lincoln, 1865. The Yale Law school day Project http//www. yale. edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/lincoln2. htm 1/20/2012 741 PM The Declaration of Independence 1 The Declaration of Independence 2 Ericson, David. The Debate Over Slavery Antislavery and Proslavery Liberalism in the Antebellum America.New York New York UP, 2000, p. 157 3 Abraham Lincoln, The writings of Abraham Lincoln, V 02, p. 82 4 Kenneth L. Deutsch, Joseph R. Fornieri, Lincolns American Dream Clashing Political Perspectives, Washington, D. C. , p. 470 5 M. McPherson, James. How President Lincoln Decided to Issue the Emancipation Proclamation. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 37 (Autumn, 2002), p. 108-109 6 Fehrenbacher, Donald, Abraham Lincol n, a documentary portrait through his speeches and writings, Stanford , California, 1964, p. 1 7 M. McPherson, op. cit. , p. 108 8 Harold Holzer,Sara Vaughn Gabbard,Lincoln Museum (Fort Wayne, Ind. ), Lincoln and freedom slavery, emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment, Southern Illinois University, 2007, p. 227 9 The Avalon Project. The Second Inaugural Address Abraham Lincoln, 1865. The Yale Law shallow Project, http//www. yale. edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/lincoln2. htm 10 IBIDEM ABRAHAM LINCOLNS ATTITUDE TOWARDS SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION Page8

IHRM and HRM Difference

In a highly competitive orbicular economy, where the other factors of productioncapital, technology, raw materials, and informationare increasingly adequate to(p) to be duplicated, the caliber of the people in an organization exit be the however source of sustainable competitive advantage available to companies. national HRM and international HRM are both concentrate on human preference management, moreover there are many ends also. No mater domestic help HRM or international HRM an organizations HRM activities are also involve these 6 parts.The first part is human resource planning, before the participation employs the employees the conjunction should know what kind of employees their need. Then the bite part is staffing (recruitment, selection, placement), the bon ton select the employees what they need from the HR market. The third part is compensation (remuneration) and benefits. The play along should set the employees wages. Then, the forth part is deal with the i ndustrial traffic.It is common in every confederation that there are many troubles in employees or in employees and the partnership, so the company should set a department which is uncommon deal with the problem. The fifth part is performance management. The companys of import project is to make profits, so at the end of the year the company will reward or punish according to the employees performance. The last(a) part is training and development. And these parts are completed iodin by one. There are also many differences between domestic HRM and IHRM. IHRM complexity can be attributed to six factors.The first is more HR activities such as international taxation international relocation and orientation host-government relations language translation services. For example, to a domestic company it is only concern with the tax evaluate in his country, but for a international company it is not only tenseness on his PCNs tax rates but also focus on his TCNs tax rates. The sec ond is need for a broader perspective such as program objective and face for several employee groups long term consequences on key decisions made.For example, to a domestic company it pays all attention to his program design and administration in his country, but for a international company it is not only focus on his PCNs program design and administration but also pays attention to his TCNs program design and administration. The third one is more involvement in employees personal lives. One obvious difference between domestic and international HRM is that staff are moved across ational boundaries into various roles within the international firms foreign operationsthese employees have traditionally been called expatriates. An expatriate is an employee who is transferred out of their home base into some other celestial orbit of the firms international operations.There are many factors will determine the assignment succeed or failed such as train of support to handle for PCNs and TCNs, banking, investments, home rental while on assignment, arrange home visits , final repatriation, level of explanations particularly on the comp. ackage components , marital attitude during selection process. The forth one is variations in the mix of expatriates and locals, for example if the company want maturity evolves, the company need to support expat and virtual team. solely these such as foreign subsidiary increased autonomy, high voltage selection and development, long term succession planning necessitates flexibility and focus fluctuation within the HR department, not needed for domestic HR to the same degree.The fifth one is risk exposure, the IHRM will face heavier fiscal and human consequences in case of assignment failure. The last one is broader extraneous influences such as the type of government the state of the economy loosely accepted practices of doing business in host countries. We can conclude that HRM is pregnant to every company no matter it is dom estic company or international company, so the manager should pay more attention to the HRM or the company will fail.

Sfi ( Students’ Federation of India )

Students partnership of India (SFI) is one of the major savant organisations in India. Founded in 1970, it is the scholarly persons extension service of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). As of 2012, it claims a membership strength of or so 40 lakhs school and university savants. 1 SFI is currently led at the All India take by Ritabrata Banrjee, General Secretary and V. Sivadassan, President.Being the students wing of the , the Students confederacy of India, abbreviated SFI, carries ship the heritage of the progressive student try of our rustic, which has always considered itself an inseparable set about of the broader struggle for br another(prenominal)ly conversion. It is this legacy that the Students league of India holds aloft in its slogan of Independence, Democracy, and Socialism The SFI believes that instruction is a major tool of social transformation and that this concept is especi eithery relevant in a country akin India, where regressive forces still prevail. Proper education, they believe, every last(predicate)ow counteract such forces and pass on help to reconstruct a new society base on rationality and justice. The SFI is an organization of students which is ever aw be of its character reference in society. It identifies with a societys progressive forces and is tot on the wholey attached to the idea of independence, democracy, and collectivism.The following has been stated as the objective of the SFI in its Political program2 1. The Students confederation of India takes upon itself the task of organizing the students in schools, colleges, universities and new(prenominal) educational institutions of the country and also Indian students mattering abroad nether its banner to build a powerful and well-knit student movement for the upliftment and betterment of the student comm accord 2.The Students Federation of India conjures for the realisation of its aim to sacrifice a republican, scientific, secular and progress ive educational system ensuring education and labor for all that calls for the implementation of comprehensive land reforms, elimination of the stranglehold of supra study finance capital and indigenous monopoly capitalism. The Students Federation of India aims to accomplish this by organizing the student community in the struggles of the wider democratic movement of the workers, peasants, and opposite progressive forces . The Students Federation of India as a forward-looking and progressive student organization shall come up on its banner, Independence, Democracy and Socialism. It is with this perspective that Students Federation of India is move to sieve for a society free from all exploitation. It shall fight all such alien trends and tendencies that are disruptive of our struggle for the emancipation of our wad and country 4.The Students Federation of India will continuously work to ensure all prerequisite facilities for complete and meaningful education hostel, library and laboratory, sports and games, athletics and physical training, civilisation and entertainment, and other educative and social activities that will be adequate and at bottom the reach of all students. The Students Federation of India will continuously fight for the skill of all just and democratic decents of students.It will fight and work for the right of students to democratic and independent expression and conduct, to form unions and associations, to assemble, to participate in the focal point of educational institutions and in all activities connected with the schoolman and other aspects of student life. The Students Federation of India will strive to develop the Students urge for more(prenominal) and more knowledge and to inculcate among students the practice of self-education and self-discipline.The Students Federation of India will foster strive to develop close-knit traffic surrounded by teachers, non-teaching staff, guardians, students and the rest of the aca demic community, and foster mutual respect and regard betwixt them. The Students Federation of India will untiringly resist any attempt to drive a wedge between the students and the rest of the academic community. It will also oppose all attempts to capitulate the student community from other democratic and work sections of our people. 5.The Students Federation of India, season stressing the duty and necessity of the student community for diligent and industrious study of the humanities and the sciences to equip themselves with adequate knowledge and enlightenment, simultaneously seeks to encourage and countenance their thirst for political and social knowledge and consciousness. The students should therefrom be adequately prepared, on leaving school or college, to play their rightful role as conscious citizens of this fast changing society of our times. 6.The Students Federation of India pledges to fight for equality of all, irrespective of religion, caste, gender, language, and race and as part of this struggle, commits to fight for the mandate of the single out classes, castes, tribes and communities, the women, and other marginalized sections of the society and for the valueion of the rights of the linguistic, ethnic, racial, religious and other minorities. The Students Federation of India upholds the constitutionally guaranteed rights for minorities to run and manage educational institutions in the country.However it should be ensured that these institutions are not run with a commercial motive to earn net income and misutilised for spreading irrational and fundamentalist ideology. 7. The Students Federation of India stands firmly in refutation of secularism, the complete separation of state and polity from religion. The Students Federation of India declares its uncompromising opposition to all forms of religious fundamentalism, bigotry and communalism, and pledges to fight against all forms of communal violence, terror, and in particular comm unal fascism.The communal forces divide the student community thus weakening their struggles for educational and employment rights. The Students Federation of India unflinchingly confronts all attempts to destroy the unity of the students and the people at large on religious and communal lines and with unfading sincerity addresses itself to the task of promoting communal harmony and patriotic unity of the people against the anti-national forces of communalism. 8.Students Federation of India is strongly oppose to all forms of gender discrimination and oppressiveness in every sphere of life. The prevalence of age-old evil traditions akin sati and dowry portray the deplorable condition of women in our country. It commits to fight all patriarchal values and practices which draw their basis some(prenominal) from the remnants of feudal relations, outmoded ways of thought, and from the commodification of women under capitalism. SFI shall fight for the emancipation of women and demand s equality of access to education for girls.SFI stands and strives for a progressive and gender sensitive ethos and curriculum. 9. The Students Federation of India is vehemently opposed to all forms of caste discrimination and oppression. SFI strives to eradicate the inhuman practice of untouchability, all forms of social oppression and fights for the abolition of caste system. It supports reservations for the dalits, the adivasis and other backward castes and communities in the area of education and employment, and demands its extension to the private sector too.The Students Federation of India is of the considered effect that other forms of deprivation like economic, regional, and gender-wise backwardness should also be taken into account in providing reservations. It also raises its voice for the fulfillment of the existing pledge of reservations and new provisions wherever required for all other disadvantaged categories (physically challenged, etc. ). 10.The Students Federati on of India staunchly opposes all kinds of narrow, separatist parochialism and chauvinism, be it on linguistic, provincial, regional, or ethnic lines. The Students Federation of India strives for a democratic realignment of power between the Union and the state governments with emphasis on decentralization of power to assure the federal character of the nation in order to safeguard national unity and to ensure balanced maturement.The Students Federation of India fully supports the knowledgeal aspirations, both material and pagan, of the various nationalities in the Indian Union within the territorial reserve integrity of the country and extends full cooperation to their legitimate and democratic struggles against the oppressive and lordly policies of the State. 11. The socially unplanned and uncontrolled capitalist path of development with the fillet of sole objective of reckless profiteering has precipitated dangerous environmental degradation.The Students Federation of India is committed to environment-friendly development and will strive along with progressive peoples movements for protection and sustenance of environment. 12. The cultural diversity of our country is facing multi-pronged attacks. On one hand the gush of market-oriented consumerist values is deforming our cultural foundations while on the other hand war-ridden communalism is seeking to impose a Manuvadi cultural hierarchy in the relieve oneself of cultural nationalism.The Students Federation of India firmly resists all attempts to mutilate the Mosaic of our varied and pluralistic culture while firmly rejecting the influence of the colonial-feudal culture. It stands committed to steadfastly promote development of peoples culture based on modern, scientific progressive and humanitarian values. 13. The Students Federation of India works towards defend identity, languages and culture of indigenous, tribal communities while fighting against their exploitation and dispossession for their general development and helping them to integrate with the mainstream social life.At the same time, the Students Federation of India struggles for the development of education, welfare and integrity of tribes by defending their rights. The rights of the tribal people should be protected according to the Schedules V and VI of the Constitution of India, especially at a time of intensifying attack of imperialist globalisation. 14. The Students Federation of India is committed to strengthen the mass democratic movement in our country in order to advance the struggle for socio-economic emancipation of the people.The Students Federation of India, along with other progressive forces, stands committed to fight against the stranglehold of feudal and casteist values and rituals that poorly impair the advancement of democratic consciousness among the masses. A radical social reform movement together with the fight against feudal land relations along with other democratic and progressive for ces is an important part of Students Federation of Indias agenda to develop democratic consciousness among the vast toiling sections. 15.The Students Federation of India as an organization and movement inspired by anti-imperialist, democratic, and socialistic ideas, is pledged to combat the onslaught of imperialist globalization and domination in all areas of student and public life. The Students Federation of India simultaneously is pledged to protect the unity and integrity of our country from the onslaught of communal and separatist forces. It extends its solidarity to all the progressive forces of the world fighting for freedom, independence, territorial integrity, democracy, and socialism against imperialist aggression.The Students Federation of India is committed to work in close coordination with all the progressive, democratic, and socialist forces virtually the world and earnestly work for building a powerful international Student movement in defense of world peace, inde pendence, democracy and socialism against imperialism. 16. The Students Federation of India seeks to establish warm and friendly relations with all other organizations and associations of students, youth and the academic community, which are pledged to work for independence, secularism, democracy, peace, and socialism.It is prepared to tie with all those who are willing to join hands with it on special issues and demands, and jointly act with them for the redress of the Students grievances. 17. The Students Federation of India places this programme before the student community and calls upon the students, youth, women, middle classes, peasants, workers and all other forces interested in the democratic advancement of our country to unite for the fulfillment of these tasks and join hands to build a prosperous life for all our people.

Iliad Book 1 Achilles Vs. Agamemnon Essay

In Homers, The Iliad, Book 1, The Rage of Achilles, one of the of import concepts presented is the idea that the gods desire a contendding and glory. It is very evident that both Achilles and Agamemnon ar in competition for more power and controller. This idea is demonstrated originally through the both prize women, Briseis and Chryseis, daughter of Chrsyses.While the Trojan fight was going on, both Achilles and Agamemnon had a fight amongst themselves, rather than centreing on the war going on around them. Achilles claimed Briseis (the more desired of the two girls) and Agamemnon claimed Chrysies. Agamemnon really requiremented Briseis because he believed he deserved her for being the header of the Achaean forces, but by claiming Chrysies, Agamemnon was able to plot against Achilles.Chryses did not want his daughter to be in the hands of Agamemnon, so he begged and pleaded to Apollo to assist in getting jeopardize his daughter. Apollo sent a plague on the Greek people, a nd Agamemnon then announced to Achilles that he would only give back Chryseis if he could have Briseis. This made Achilles very angry because he besides believed that he deserved Briseis. Achilles was more concerned about keeping Briseis in order to look better, than making peace of the situation and trading Briseis for Chryseis.This showed how Copernican it was to have honor and to appear in control. They put their desires for person honor and glory above the fact that there was a serious war going on around them by putting more focus on who would win the better of the two girls, overall reflecting the theme of dominance and control.

Supporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management

Supporting Good Practice in carrying out and reinforcing stimulus concern 3PRM Activity 1 Per buildance management Performance Management is both a strategic (about broad issues and long-term goals) and an integrated (linking unlike aspects of the business, people management, idiosyncratic(a)s and teams) approach to delivering successful results in schemes by improving the surgical process and developing the capabilities of teams and individuals.deuce briny purposes of capital punishment management argon * To help the employees in telling the knowledge and skills required for performing the business sector efficiently as this would support their focus towards performing the right task in the right way, which in turn helps work towards the business objectives as their tasks be generated and focussed rough the presidential terms goals. Promoting a devil way system of communication between the supervisors and the employees for elucidate expectations about the roles and accountabilities, communicating the functional and organisational goals, providing a regular and a cryst alline feedback for improving employee carrying into action and continuous coaching and development. The most important pose and component of any execution management process which forms the basis of murder is Appraisals.Appraisal systems ar a formal method of manageing and reviewing individuals performance. This is important as they enable the individuals to gain a clear picture of how they are doing and to identify areas where they may need additional support or reading. They to a fault chink that the work of the individual is focussed towards the overall objectives of the organisation and whether they are on track to meet their objectives they gather in been set. There are three main components of performance management Planning This is done in form of appraisals. Performance planning is jointly done by the ap extolmente and also the appraiser in the beginning of a performance session. During this period, both the carriage and staff make up upon the targets and the key performance areas which faeces be performed over the next year. * supervise Regular monitor of performance is one of the key component to performance management it is usually done in the form of informal appraisals and these should also occur though regular contact and one to ones.It gives an opportunity to monitor the achievements of objectives for staff, redeems a check on how the individual is acquire on in relation to the tasks, identifies any problems which can prevent the individual from achieving their work objectives. * analyse/evaluating Managers should be giving feedback on a regular and continuing basis. This is the period in which the employee acquires awareness from the appraiser about the areas of breakments and also information on whether the employee is contri scarcelying the expected levels of performance or non.The employee receives open feedback and along with this the discipline and development of necessity of the individual is also identified. The appraiser adopts all the executable steps to ensure that the employee meets the expected outgrowths for an organisation through guidance, mentoring and representing the employee in discipline programmes which develop the competencies and improve the overall productivity. This stage also is an opportunity for strengths to be identified and how these can be utilised to support the business objectives further. need and performance managementThe kind between motif and performance management is a close one, they work along each other. Motivation is the key to an individuals distributor point of willingness to exert and maintain their efforts towards the organisational goals. Motivation levels are likely to find an marrow on performance. If an individual has high motivation, it is likely to increase their performance. Although this may non always be the case. Here is a lis t of any(prenominal) of the things that impel individuals * Money * Reward schemes * Sense of achievement * The environment * Professional study * Benefits Etc. There are many motivational theories here I will explain two of them. Herzbergs two factor conjecture of motivation at the work swan shows the difference between two factors of motivation. The two factors being satisfiers, which are the main causes for job satisfaction (motivation), from hygiene factors which are the main causes for job dissatisfaction (demotivation to stay in the job). Examples of motivating factors are achievement, acquaintance, debt instrument and the work itself. Hygiene factors include working conditions, salary, relationship with colleagues, supervision, etc.An organisation unavoidably to influence satisfiers through performance management using range of tools such as job descriptions, supervision, performance appraisals, continuous development/ prepare, rewards and career development. Maslows conjecture of motivation is called the hierarchy of postulate. Maslow believes that people have cinque main ask in the bring home the baconing order of importance 1. physiological the need to eat, drink, sleep, reproduce. 2. Safety the need for shelter and to nip secure. 3. Love/belong the need to feel part of a group and to be accepted. . concoct the need to feel good about themselves and the need to be recognise for achievements. 5. Self-actualisation the need for personal fulfilment and the need to grow and develop. Maslows hierarchic theory is represented as a pyramid, with the lower levels representing the more fundamental needs, and the top(prenominal) levels representing the growth/being needs, and ultimately the need for self-actualisation. According to the theory, the higher needs in the hierarchy become evident except after all the needs that are lower down in the pyramid are met. RewardsMost organisations use rewards in spite of appearance their performan ce management system to motivate individuals. Two main purposes they do this are * To help attract individuals The better rewards that the organisation gives the more people are going to be attracted to work for them so more people will apply for jobs there. * Retain the individuals Rewards for good performance is motivation for staff to stay with the organisation it helps make them feel cherished in turn makes them work harder. Rewards are not just pecuniary but non-financial too. Rewards can be things such as * Pay bestride/ bonus.Some bonuses are based on performance of an individual, the team or the organisation and is usually target / objective focused. * Recognition. This could be through change magnitude responsibility, praise during one to ones, a certificate of recognition, etc. * Flexible hours and time arrive at This could be a generous holiday period or increased holiday to reward employees for long service. Also some organisations use conciliatory working as a reward. Data needed for managing performance each(prenominal) materials need to be mug upd for managing performance (appraisal concourses) these would include internal and outdoor(a) data, although most are internal.An internal piece of data for example would be if it was a sales organisation they would bring along the report for the back up of sales the individual has made and this would be compared to the targets set. The comparison would show how healthy individual has done to meet these this would then be discussed in the next stage. Other examples would include notes rivald tasks and records of performance, achievements, incidents, reports, previous performance appraisal entrys and a current job description.An example of an external piece of data would be benchmarking, where the manager would collect data from other organisations to analyse and compare the sales the individual has made, this would show how the employees participation is developing not only themselves, but also the constitution as a whole, compared to the other organisations, earlier store data from. Another example would be feedback from external customers or other organisations. Managing Performance The key aims of performance management are to continuously improve the performance of individuals and that of the organisation.It involves making sure that the performance of employees contributes to the goals of their teams and the business as a whole. Part of the management is to review the individuals performance whether it be good or poor performance. The aims of the meetings for performance management are to encourage and motivate not to undermine. Factors to be considered whilst managing good performance would be reward for the individuals performance, how to keep the individual motivated to keep up the good work and any training needs to help develop further.Factors to consider whilst managing poor performance would be thought about how to deal with discussing the performan ce as these can be difficult conversations for managers, thinking about why the performance is poor and thinking about how to improve the individuals performance, what measures can be put in place and how this can monitored. Most organisations have their performance reviews at once a year in the form of appraisals and have 6 month reviews. Although managers should keep their staff informed of their performance and giving feedback throughout the whole year.This can be done through one to ones or regular meetings. The purposes of the performance reviews are * to check how the team member is getting on in relation to the tasks and objectives agreed, * to identify any problems which may be preventing the individual from achieving their work objectives, * to highlight opportunities for improving work processes, * to build dominance and self-esteem within the individual * to plan future work, set tasks and agree objectives * to agree ways to support the individual in the future, * to dis cuss the individuals feedback and how they feel about their job.The process of appraisals Appraisal systems vary in different organisations, some have standardised procedures, some have few guidelines and leave it to the manager to plan and implement. There are three main stages of an appraisal preparation, the meeting and the follow up. * Preparation Both the manager and the individual need to prepare for the appraisal by reviewing the individuals performance including the overall performance, the quality of the work and checking if targets have been met. * The meeting The manager needs to make sure that a fitting venue is planned and available, private and free from interruptions.Within the meeting the manager needs to set the tone which will influence whether the discussion is helpful to both manager and individual they need to make sure that the individual is relaxed. consequently both the manager and individual going through the appraisal document discuss * Performance and identify areas of good performance and the weaker investigate the reasons for the impuissance and highlight the areas for improvement * clarifying, defining, redefining priorities and objectives making sure that they are specific to the organisations objectives * motivation through agreeing helpful aims and targets motivation though achievement and feedback * training needs and learning desires assessment and agreement * identification of personal strengths * career and taking over planning personal and organisational * team roles clarification and team building * organisational training needs assessment and analysis * the individual and managers mutual awareness, understanding and relationship * reinforcing organisational philosophies, values, aims, strategies, priorities * additional responsibilities, employee growth and development * counselling and feedback * manager development The follow up is the review by the manager where they need to complete the authentication by writin g up what had been discussed. Making sure that the write up is agreed and signed by the individual. Managers need to keep continuous monitoring and evaluation on the individual throughout the year and ideally hold a review within that time. Activity 2 The hopeful outcome of the meeting was to discuss with the individual their performance over the last sestet months, including what went hale and what hadnt gone so well. Why things had gone well or not so well and if there was anything to improve performance or training needs.The outcomes of the appraisal with Hannah were that over the last six months as the manager I matt-up that Hannah has been doing well and providing a good service. Her only downfall is that sales have gone down but this was collectible to Hannah having a month off work with a broken leg. This was discussed within the meeting using the Appraisal form and was met with targets to be achieved. The appraisal form used was effective as it covers all areas of perform ance including how the individual felt about the previous six months it also covers how the manager felt they performed.It discusses what they have enjoyed most and least, quality of their work, management of workload, targets and identifies if any training is needed. These things covered are important as it lets both the manager and individual know how the individual is doing within the organisation and whether they need any further development or training. This is a motivator to the individual as they can gain job satisfaction that they are going in the right direction and helping towards the overall aim and objectives of the organisation.This appraisal system could be improved by having more input from the individual so they can have their allege on what they have done and how they feel they have done which perchance the manager has not recognised. This would help the individual to feel they receive the recognition they deserve for the work they have input. SMART (specific, mea surable, achievable, realistic and timely) should be integrated to the form as the targets need to be SMART otherwise it would be unfair for the individual to set unattainable targets to meet as they wont meet them which will affect their performance reviews.