Effect of Homeopathic Treatment on Insomnia

Effect of Homeopathic Treatment on InsomniaCHAPTER singleINTRODUCTIONIntroductionInsomnia is a major health concern in particular when item-by-items develop dependency and problematic withdrawal symptoms related to conventional prescription(prenominal) drugs. Approximately 27% of the pornographic male population and 31% of the adult female population in South Africa suffer from insomnia (Strangers et al., 2012). Insomnia unhinge is characterized by unmatchable or much of the following hassle falling a rest menstruation, punishingy maintaining balance, previous(predicate) morning waking, and non-refreshing calmness (South African joining of Sleep Medicine, n.d.). stream conventional word for insomnia includes mental and drug therapies. Conventional medication for insomnia is limited and has its drawbacks (Moch, 2011). While continued research and development is ongoing to broaden the clinical evidence on the phthisis of homeopathic remedies in the treatment of inso mnia to raise establish its benefits, current information suggests that the effect of singularised homeopathic treatment has not been researched to date in females with insomnia disorder.Aim of the StudyThe aim of this reflect was to determine the effect of individualised homeopathic treatment on insomnia disorder in females using detailed case studies and the Insomnia Severity proponent.Null s hottishIt is pass judgment that the individualised homeopathic remedy will not be effective in the treatment of insomnia disorder in females.HypothesisIt is anticipated that the individualised homeopathic remedy will be effective in the treatment of insomnia disorder in females.Importance of the ProblemCHAPTER TWO belles-lettres REVIEW2.1 SleepSleep can be defined as a state of reversible unconsciousness in which the humour becomes less(prenominal) responsive to external stimuli (Schupp Hanning, 2003). Although the amount of cat stillness a person ineluctably varies, most individua ls look at an average of six to eight hours of tranquillity a night in order to feel refreshed (Attele et al., 2000). Numerous physiologic processes argon regulated during sleep and therefore it is a universal need that is essential for rise upspring-being (Moch, 2011).2.2 The Physiology of SleepNormal sleep is divided into cardinal distinctive states rapid nerve centre elbow grease ( monstrous sleep) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (N rapid eye movement sleep) sleep, which can be differentiated by an electroencephalogram ( electroencephalogram) (Schupp Hanning, 2003). Normal sleep begins with NREM sleep and progresses through deeper NREM portrays, before the first installment of REM sleep occurs about 80 to 100 transactions later. at that place subsequently, a sleep cycle, which is the alternation of hitchs of NREM and REM sleep, lasts approximately 90 minutes and recurs 3 to 7 times per night. NREM sleep is more prominent and deeper than REM sleep during the first h alf of the night NREM constitutes the main sleep operation. NREM sleep is shallow during the second half of the night, and the proportion of REM sleep gradually extends during each subsequent sleep cycle (Carlstedt, 2010). grade 2.1 shows EEG graphs of these sleep stages.2.2.1 NREM SleepNREM sleep appears as wakefulness-maintaining mechanisms decline. NREM sleep is divided into 4 stages (Lee-Chiong, 2006)Stage 1 an individual first enters stage 1. The EEG is difficult to distinguish from the waking EEG of a drowsy person, theta thrill activity occurs, and heart localise and massiveness tension begin to decrease. During this early stage of sleep an occasional heft jerk, normally of an arm or leg, referred to as myoclonus whitethorn be arrestd. This experience is often accompanied by a brief optic image, such(prenominal) as tripping or falling (Freberg, 2009).Stage 2 afterwards 10 to 15 minutes in stage 1, the individual enters stage 2 NREM sleep. The EEG shows sleep spin dles and K-complexes, which reflect the brains effort to maintain sleep while monitoring the external environment. nervus rate and muscle tension further reduce. During this stage the individual is fitted to sleep through familiar stimuli, but wakes in response to strange stimuli (Freberg, 2009).Stage 3 and 4 after approximately 15 minutes in stage 2, the individual enters stage 3 and stage 4 NREM sleep, also referred to as slow-wave sleep. In both stages, the EEG shows delta wave activity, however, stage 3 differs from stage 4 in the sense that a greater proportion of stage 4 consists of delta waves. During these stages heart rate, blood mash and core temperature atomic fall 18 at their lowest levels. Awakening the individual during these stages is difficult and disorientating (Freberg, 2009).2.2.2 REM SleepREM sleep is also referred to as paradoxical sleep be shake up while the EEG resembles the waking EEG, it is accompanied by trim back skeletal muscle tone of stage 3 and stage 4 NREM sleep, except in the eye where rapid eye movements (saccadic eye movements) occur. These saccadic eye movements are small, fast, jerky movements, which bring the eye from one optic fixation point to another and whitethorn be associated with watching the visual images of dreams (Sanoop et al., 2012). Despite the apparently alert EEG it is more difficult to energise an individual from REM sleep than it is to awaken them from slow-wave sleep. In addition, there is an increase in blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate, as strong as change magnitude blood flow to the genitals. Control of core temperature is lamentable during this state of sleep (Wagner Silber, 2004). During REM sleep the EEG becomes desynchronised and low potential drop fast activity is seen, PGO (ponto-geniculo-occipital) spikes also appear, which is characteristic of REM sleep (Sanoop et al., 2012). pile STAGES ON AN EEGFigure 2.1 Different Stages of Sleep as seen on an EEG(Source J. A. Hor ne. (1998). Why We Sleep The Functions of Sleep in Humans and another(prenominal) Animals. Oxford Uni. Press, En secretor)2.3 The Function of SleepThere are 3 theories accredited to the blend of sleepEnergy conservation theory according to this theory, naught wasting disease that has occurred during waking hours recovers during sleep (OrthoApnea, 2012). Two mechanisms exempt how sleep is able to follow energy. First, sleep reduces energy expenditure by indirectly reducing activity this mechanism is also active when individuals are awake, but inactive. Secondly, sleep reduces energy expenditure below that achieved by quiet wakefulness by create a change in physiology (Kryger et al., 2011). Findings that endothermic mammals, including humans, reduce their core temperature and metabolous rate during sleep to support the waking demands support this theory (Kothare Kotagal, 2011). reviving theory this theory suggests that the function of sleep is to restore physiological and bioc hemical processes that have been depleted during waking hours. Indirect evidence supports this presumptionThere is an increased release of growth hormone by the pituitary gland following sleep onsetEndogenous anabolic steroids are released during proper(postnominal) stages of sleepThere is an increased rate of bone growth, as well as increased mitosis of lymphocytes during sleepDuring sleep, genes involved in brain protein synthesis, medulla oblongata formation, synaptic vesicle turnover, lipid metabolism, and membrane maintenance are unregulated (Kothare Kotagal, 2011).Learning and memory theory this theory proposes that sleep is necessary for brain plasticity, which is essential in the processes of cultivation and memory. Several studies have shown that sleep improves learning and memory without task repetition, which suggests that information processing and long-term memory integrating are enhanced during sleep (Kothare Kotagal, 2011).2.4 Insomnia2.4.1 Definition and Descrip tion of InsomniaInsomnia is defined as the inability to obtain an adequate duration or quality of sleep (National Sleep Foundation, n.d.). It is characterized by one or more of the following obstacle falling asleep, barrier maintaining sleep, early morning waking, and non-refreshing sleep (South African Association of Sleep Medicine, n.d.). Insomnia occurs despite an adequate time and opportunity for sleep and results in impairment in daytime functioning (World Health Organisation, 2009).2.4.2 Incidence, Epidemiology and Demographics of InsomniaInsomnia is the most familiar sleep disorder and the second most common overall billing reported in primary healthcare settings (Attarian, 2004), with approximately 30% of the ordinary adult population in South Africa occasionally suffering from insomnia. Insomnia is enclose in around 50% of individuals treated in a clinical setting and about 10% of these individuals suffer from persistent insomnia. Although insomnia affects individuals of almost every(prenominal) demographic, bangs of insomnia increase with age, and women are more affected than men (Truter, 2008).2.4.3 Insomnia in Females epidemiological studies comparing the prevalence of insomnia between the genders all report a high prevalence amongst females. Studies have shown that there is an increased prevalence of insomnia amongst younger females, still in adolescent girls, compared to their age-matched male counterparts. One of the most common perimenopausal symptoms in women aged between 35 and 55 is insomnia (Grewal Doghramji, 2010).Biological differences in provoke hormones may contribute to the gender difference in insomnia. For some women, insomnia may arise secondary to menstrual symptoms e.g. headaches, bloating, cramping and breast tenderness. Sleep frays during menstrual periods are associated with alterations in progesterone, prolactin and melatonin levels. Melatonin modulation by sex hormones may bring on dysregulation of sleep-wake m echanisms (Soares, 2005).Insomnia occurs in approximately half of all menopausal women and may be directly associated with the presence of hot flushes. Nocturnal hot flushes may reasonableness repeated awakenings throughout the night. Menopausal women experiencing hot flushes report more stag awakenings, inefficient sleep, and poor quality sleep, compared with those who do not experience hot flushes. Temperature-regulating and sleep-regulating centers in the brain may be disturbed by changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian hormone levels that occur during menopause, resulting in hot flushes and insomnia (Soares, 2005).In addition, increased levels of psychological straiten have also been postulated as potential contributors to insomnia in women including affable changes, stress associated with the empty nest syndrome, nursing aging parents or family members, separation from demeanor partners due to divorce or death (Soares, 2005).2.4.4 Classification of InsomniaInsomnia may be situational (acute), persistent, or repeated. Situational insomnia lasts for a few days up to a few weeks and is usually caused by life events or rapid changes in environment or sleep schedules. Once the precipitating event subsides, the insomnia usually resolves. In some individuals, insomnia may persist for a long period of time after the initiating event, possibly due to arresting and heightened foreplay knowing arousal may then persist and lead to persistent insomnia. However, in some individuals, insomnia may have an insidious onset where no specifiable cause can be found. Insomnia may also be episodic, with recurrent episodes of sleep difficulties occurring during stressful events (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).According to the DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of affable Disorders, fifth edition), insomnia disorder is classified asA predominant complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality, associated with one (or more) of the following s ymptoms worry initiating sleep difficulty maintaining sleep, characterized by frequent awakenings or problems returning to sleep after awakenings and/or early-morning awakening with inability to return to sleepThe sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, educational, academic, behavioural, or other important areas of functioning.The sleep difficulty occurs at least 3 nights per week.The sleep difficulty is present for at least 3 months.The sleep difficulty occurs despite adequate opportunity for sleep.The insomnia is not better explained by and does not occur exclusively during the course of another sleep-wake disorder (e.g., narcolepsy, a breathing-related sleep disorder, a circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, a parasomnia).The insomnia is not imputable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication).Coexisting mental disorders and aesculapian conditions do not adequately explain the predom inant complaint of insomnia (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).2.4.5 Signs and Symptoms of InsomniaSymptoms and signs of insomnia include lying awake for prolonged periods of time before being able to fall asleep, waking up several times during the night (sleeping for short periods of time), waking up early in the morning with an inability to fall back to sleep and/or waking up in the morning feeling unrefreshed or tired (NIH, 2011).2.4.6 Predisposing, Precipitating and Perpetuating Factors of InsomniaFactors that predispose an individual to insomnia include genetics, personality traits, psychologic arousal (eg. care, agitation, and heightened vigilance), and time of day sleep-wake preference (Lee-Chiong, 2008). One theory is that physiological hyperarousal may be a predisposing factor for insomnia research has shown that individuals with insomnia disorder have an increased metabolic rate, increased secretion of ACTH, increased beta activity in the EEG, a more rapid increase in heart rate in response to stress, and increased daytime alertness despite having a shorter sleeping period. Another predisposing factor for insomnia may be a diminish homeostatic drive for sleep research has shown that patients with insomnia disorder do not have the same increase in slow-wave sleep following sleep deprivation that is seen in those without insomnia. A decreased sleep drive would shoot it more difficult to initiate and maintain sleep under service line as well as sleep-deprived conditions (Lee-Chiong, 2006).Insomnia is a symptom with numerous and versatile aetiologies, and in a large percentage of the population more than one cause may be present these include stressful life events such as conflicts in the workplace, marital distress, or final examinations a change of usual habits sudden changes in sleep-wake schedules caused by jet dawdle or changes in work shifts environmental disturbances such as extravagant noise or light in the bedroom medication use or medication withdrawal substance abuse and chronic medical or psychiatric conditions. Examples of chronic medical conditions include any condition associated with pain, respiratory or cardiac diseases associated with paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, renal failure, hyperthyroidism, and neurodegenerative diseases (Lee-Chiong, 2006).Perpetuating factors are cognitive and behavioural changes that occur after an individual has had insomnia for a period of time. Cognitive changes that occur include preoccupation with sleep during the day, as well as a fear of not being able to sleep and fear of daytime impairment. This leads to tension at bedtime, and upon waking up during the night. behavioural changes include keeping irregular sleep-wake schedules, taking naps during the day, staying in bed in an attempt to gain more sleep, and engaging in stimulating activities during the night. Individuals often make these changes in response to their insomnia, in an attempt to get more sleep however, wh ile these changes may relieve insomnia in the short-term, they promote insomnia in the long-term (Lee-Chiong, 2006).2.4.7 Consequences of InsomniaInsomnia may result in feelings of fatigue and sleepiness. A number of individuals complain of mood disturbances and cognitive difficulties such as irritability, mild anxiety and depression they may also complain of poor memory and concentration, and difficulty performing complex mental tasks. Because of the irritability and fatigue that is associated with insomnia, interpersonal difficulties may result on the other hand, interpersonal difficulties may be the cause of insomnia. Insomnia may result in restriction of daytime activities, such as work, exercise and social events. This lack of regular daytime activity may in turn contribute to insomnia. In addition to these, insomnia may exasperate symptomatology of co-morbid disease, and may herald the onset of mood disturbances (Schutte-Rodin et al., 2008).2.5 Measurements used to asses Inso mnia2.5.1 The Insomnia Severity IndexThe Insomnia Severity Index is a 7-item questionnaire that provides a global measure of an individuals perceived insomnia severity based on the following indicators difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and early morning awakenings satisfaction with sleep point of impairment with daytime functioning degree to which impairments are noticeable and distress or concern with insomnia. Each item is rated on a 5 point Likert scale, and the total score ranges from 0-28. The ISI has good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. It has proven to be sensitive to therapeutic changes in several treatment studies of insomnia. This legal document can be used to evaluate the initial severity of insomnia, as well as the clinical significance of improvements achieved during the treatment of insomnia (Edinger Carney, n.d.)2.6 Treatment of Insomnia2.6.1 pharmacologic Treatment