Effect of Odour and Lighting Intensity on Memory Recall

Effect of Odour and Lighting Intensity on retention fallGalindez, Dale GilbertVargonla, Sebastian FrancoYarte, Sonja LynnZaidem, Arwin AlexisThe Effect of Intensity of Odor and Lighting of Environment to Memory RecallThe principle of encode specificity has been a primeval factor for computer store pull away. It has been make up that a individual has a higher chance of retrieving an training if they are in the kindred place where they h hoar back encoded the study (Tulving and Thomson, 1973). However, withal if a person is in the exact place where he encoded the information, at that place are factors that should be considered to make the principle of encoding specificity stronger.A key factor would be attention. Attention usually refers to concentration on a particular aspect of the external purlieu, although it is possible to attend to iodines own thoughts and other internal states. The essence of the typical use of the depot is captured in a statement by 19th cent ury German physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz, who noned that an observer who is steadily gazing at a fixation saphead can, at the same time, concentrate attention on any presumptuousness part of the opthalmic field. The level in space, to which one is directing ones eyeball and the point to which one is attending to, thus are not necessarily the same, and one does not have to move the eyes to shift visual attention (Chastain, 2014).Another would be state-dependent retrospect. A person is more likely to recoup an information if he is back in the original state when he first encoded the information. An example would be if a person consumed a substantial bill of alcohol when they learned a certain information. There is a higher probability for the person to hark back the same information if he is to consume the same substantial amount of alcohol compared to trying to remember the information without consuming alcohol at all.If those two factors are important in retentivenes s renounce, then the simplification or removal of either factors will make encoding specificity meaning(a)ly wonkyer. In that case, we, the researchers, plan on testing whether intensity of sense of smell and punk of the environs will have a significant topic to memory recall.Because of these two factors that uphold memory recall, we have formulated questions which we intend to strike about. We question if the intensity of odor alone will have a significant pitch to memory recall. We also question if the lighting of an environment alone will have a significant effect to memory recall. Finally, we also question if both the intensity of odor and lighting of the environment will have a significant effect to memory recallWe have formulated three hypotheses that will answer our research questions. We deal that the intensity of odor will have a significant effect to memory recall. We also believe that the lighting of the environment will have a significant effect to memory re call. Lastly, we believe that the intensity of odor and lighting of the environment will have a significant effect to memory recall.Literature ReviewAfter the study has been through by Tulving and Thomson in 1973, more people questioned that the validity of the study seemed more correlational than causational. Because of these uncertainties, many studies were done after the original study.Pointer and Bond (1998) use the same principle but it was focused on the context-dependent memory. The study was done by having the participants remember a passage which was previously chunked for 21 times. The news breed in which the passage was printed was scented with marri, and was colored bright yellow. Then, the researchers measured how many chunks the participants were equal to(p) to remember after they were made to answer a contrive search puzzle. A half or a full point was given to the participants for every right chunk they gave. It was found out that context-dependent memory is pre sent in the olfactive move, but not in the visual cue.Another study based from the original study was Encoding Specificity Manipulations do Affect Retrieval from Memory (Zeelenberg, 2005). The study describes two kinds of errors people may make with regards to memory. One is errors of omission wherein people fail to retrieve information in their memory and the other one is errors of commission wherein people retrieve information that did not truly happen. This study focuses and questions the idea of how people report what they have retrieved. The study mainly points out that what the participants have retrieved, whether right or wrong, is not necessarily what they report. Participants in an encoding specificity experiment may actually have retrieved the right book of accounts but due to their lack of self-assertion and in an attempt to reduce the number of mistakes they might commit, they do not report what they have retrieved.Due to the experimenters awareness that errors lik e this may reckon their results, the method they used were the presentation of a target word, which the participants should retrieve. However, this target word had two cue words, which were presented to the participants, were something that they could use as convalescence cues.Another study, jump on differences in encoding specificity (Puglisi JT et al, 1988) focuses on how the encoding specificity ability of people are affected by age. In their experiment, participants were divided into 2 conferences the first were a group of young adults who had an average age of 19.2, and the second group were old adults with an average age of 71.4. The study task presented had targets and retrieval cues that had either a strong or a weak semantic relationship. Additionally, cues presented at recall were either the same as or different from those presented at encoding, resulting in four encoding cuesretrieval cue combinations (a) strong encoding cue and (same) strong retrieval cue (b) weak en coding cue and (same) weak retrieval cue (c) weak encoding cue and (different) strong retrieval cue (d) strong encoding cue and (different) weak retrieval cue. (Puglisi JT et al, 1988). Participants were able to recall the target words better when cues at encoding were the same when it was presented to them at retrieval, as compared to participants whose cues in encoding were different in retrieval.They found out however, that when old adults were under divided attention when received communicative cues, there was more evidence of general encoding rather than encoding specificity.Moss study, Modulation of cognitive motion and mood by aromas of peppermint and ilang-ilang focuses on how the aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylang oils help in the cognitive performance of people. Their cognitive performances were measured using the Cognitive Drug Research Computerized perspicacity System. One group of participants were unresolved to the aromas of peppermint and another one was expose d to the aroma of ylang-ylang. There was also a control group, in which there was no exposure to any kind of aroma. The results showed that the group that was exposed to the ylang-ylang had better cognitive performance than the control group while the group that was exposed to the peppermint scent did not have a significant difference to the cognitive performance of those in the control group.ReferencesChastain, G. (2014). Attention. Salem compaction Encyclopedia Of Health,Miles, C., Jenkins, R. (2000). Recency and suffix effects with immediate recall of olfactory stimuli. Memory, 8(3), 195-205. doi10.1080/096582100387605Moss, M., Hewitt, S., Moss, L., Wesnes, K. (2008). Modulation of cognitive performance and mood by aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylang. The International Journal Of Neuroscience, 118(1), 59-77.Puglisi, J., Park, D., Smith, A., Dudley, W. (1988). Age Differences in Encoding Specificity.Journal of Gerontology, P145-P150.Pointer, S. C., Bond, N. W. (1998). Contex t-dependent memory tinge versus odour.Chemical Senses, 23(3), 359-362.Tulving, E., Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes inepisodic memory. Psychological Review, 80(5), 352-373. doi10.1037/h0020071Zeelenberg, R. (2004). Encoding specificity manipulations do affect retrieval frommemory. Acta Psychologica, 107-121.